Browsers, grazers or mix-feeders? Study of the diet of extinct Pleistocene Eurasian forest rhinoceros Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis (Jäger, 1839) and woolly rhinoceros Coelodonta antiquitatis (Blumenbach, 1799)
Browsers, grazers or mix-feeders? Study of the diet of extinct Pleistocene Eurasian forest rhinoceros Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis (Jäger, 1839) and woolly rhinoceros Coelodonta antiquitatis (Blumenbach, 1799)
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DOI：
10.1016/j.quaint.2020.08.039
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发表时间：
2020-09
影响因子：
2.2
通讯作者：
K. Stefaniak;R. Stachowicz‐Rybka;R. Borówka;A. Hrynowiecka;A. Sobczyk;Magdalena Moskal-del Hoyo;Adam Kotowski;D. Nowakowski;Maciej T. Krajcarz;E. Billia;D. Persico;E. M. Burkanova;S. Leshchinskiy;Eline N. van Asperen;Urszula Ratajczak;A. V. Shpansky;M. Lempart;B. Wach;M. Niska;J. van der Made;Krzysztof Stachowicz;J. Lenarczyk;J. Piątek;O. Kovalchuk
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文献类型：
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作者：
K. Stefaniak;R. Stachowicz‐Rybka;R. Borówka;A. Hrynowiecka;A. Sobczyk;Magdalena Moskal-del Hoyo;Adam Kotowski;D. Nowakowski;Maciej T. Krajcarz;E. Billia;D. Persico;E. M. Burkanova;S. Leshchinskiy;Eline N. van Asperen;Urszula Ratajczak;A. V. Shpansky;M. Lempart;B. Wach;M. Niska;J. van der Made;Krzysztof Stachowicz;J. Lenarczyk;J. Piątek;O. Kovalchuk
长毛犀（Coelodonta antiquitatis）和森林犀（Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis）是欧亚大陆中更新世和晚更新世冰期和间冰期动物群的杰出代表。他们的饮食传统上是根据齿系和头骨的功能形态推断的。在极少数情况下，食物残留物保存在牙齿的窝中或作为肠道内容物。推断饮食的新方法包括研究同位素和介电常数。在这里，我们应用所有四种方法来推断这些标志性犀牛物种的饮食，并将实际摄入的食物与可用的食物进行比较，这是由发现犀牛化石的地方的独立植物学数据所表明的：Gorzów Wielkopolski（Eemian）和Starunia（Middle Vistulian）以及文献数据分析。我们还对这些人的死亡季节进行了推断。我们的研究结果表明，在欧洲和亚洲（西伯利亚）的羊毛犀牛主要是一个食草动物，虽然在不同的时间，在一年中，根据地区的饮食也补充了灌木和树木的叶子。根据同位素研究的结果，存在重要的个体差异。数据显示，这种犀牛饮食的同位素组成存在明显的季节性变化。相比之下，Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis是一种浏览器，尽管它的饮食包括低生长的植被。它的栖息地包括各种类型的森林，从河岸到落叶林和混交林，以及开阔地。这个物种的饮食包括选定的植物项目，也包括植物生长在流动和静止的沃茨附近。牙齿窝中的食物残留表明了灵活的浏览，证实了先前基于功能形态学和稳定同位素的解释。在更广泛的S. kirchbergensisfossils表明一个更混合的饮食与浏览组件。两种犀牛的不同饮食不仅反映了不同的栖息地，还反映了晚更新世期间发生的气候变化。
The wooly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis) and forest rhinoceros (Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis) were prominent representatives of the Middle and Late Pleistocene glacial and interglacial faunas of Eurasia. Their diet has traditionally been inferred on functional morphology of the dentition and skull. In rare cases, food remains are preserved in the fossas of the teeth or as gut content. New approaches to infer diet include the study of isotopes and mesowear. Here we apply all four methods to infer the diet of these emblematic rhinoceros' species and compare the food actually taken with the food available, as indicated by independent botanical data from the localities where the rhinoceros' fossils were found: Gorzów Wielkopolski (Eemian) and Starunia (Middle Vistulian) as well as analysis of literature data. We also made inferences on the season of death of these individuals. Our results indicate that the woolly rhino in both Europe and Asia (Siberia) was mainly a grazer, although at different times of the year and depending on the region its diet was also supplemented by leaves of shrubs and trees. According to the results of isotope studies, there were important individual variations. The data show a clear seasonal variation in the isotope composition of this rhino's diet. In contrast,Stephanorhinus kirchbergensiswas a browser, though its diet included low-growing vegetation. Its habitat consisted of various types of forests, from riparian to deciduous and mixed forests, and open areas. The diet of this species consisted of selected items of vegetation, also including plants growing near both flowing and standing waters. The food remains from the fossae of the teeth indicated flexible browsing, confirming the previous interpretations based on functional morphology and stable isotopes. Long-term data from mesowear and microwear across a wider range ofS. kirchbergensisfossils indicate a more mixed diet with a browsing component. The different diets of both of rhinoceros reflect not only the different habitats, but also climate changes that occurred during the Late Pleistocene.