Urban Mutations: Periodization, Scale, Mobility
Urban Mutations: Periodization, Scale, Mobility
复制标题
城市突变：分期、规模、流动性
DOI：
10.1111/j.1468-2427.2005.00635_1.x
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发表时间：
2005
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
S. Sadler
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
S. Sadler
国际城市与区域研究杂志©2005作者。期刊汇编©2005联合编辑和布莱克威尔出版有限公司在绿地和（次）城市填充物上的建设。城市遏制和“智能增长”的政策修辞——最明显的是英国政策规定在“棕地”地区建造新住房——现在在许多都市议程上都很突出。即便如此，战后形成的郊区广阔的文化景观仍在不断老化和衰落，它们的复兴已成为21世纪的重大挑战。在这场争论中，多洛雷斯·海登（Dolores Hayden）概述了从19世纪初到现在的美国郊区。与海登的许多早期著作一样，《建设郊区》这本书面向受过良好教育的外行读者（如果不是城市学者的话），内容丰富、有趣、具有挑衅性，旨在解释美国郊区化的主要模式和过程。但它的吸引力更广泛；这本书似乎是对美国在经济和政治上的运作方式的一种控诉，它可能被恰当地命名为“控诉”。它表达了一种挑衅性的批评，最终针对的是美国企业，而不是数百万经常不知情地融入郊区生活的郊区美国人。在关键时刻，海登提醒读者，真正导致郊区化的并不是那些品味可疑的唯物主义者，他们沉迷于一盒盒的俗气，而是资本驱动的利益集团对政府进行政策改革的复杂编织，这些利益集团已经融合成现在被视为理所当然的大都市增长和发展模式。这本书的结构优雅而直观。作为对分析家们避免将“郊区”作为一个单一实体的呼吁的默认，这本书的核心部分以或多或少的时间顺序描述了七种主要的（敢说原型吗？）郊区类型。海登有些雄心勃勃的建议是，现代美国都市生活发生在这七个历史物质景观或其衍生物中。她认为，早期出现了“无主之地”和“风景如画的飞地”，20世纪初出现了“街车建筑”以及“邮购和自建郊区”；战后出现了“郊区情景喜剧”，到20世纪80年代出现了“边缘节点”，以及准郊区的“农村边缘”。海登的郊区类型学引人入胜，有时甚至是肆无忌惮地提出了权力、途径、公平和成本（在社会和生态方面）等重要问题，同时带领读者穿越两个世纪的环境历史。本书分为“美国大都市景观”和“下一个郊区”两部分，前者对工业和后工业大都市的郊区动态进行了高尚但有些单薄的元叙述，后者是关于新趋势的结论性讨论，同时强调需要关注衰败的旧郊区。在后一点上，海登尤其值得称赞。《建设郊区》有效地利用了微妙的争论，这种争论将受到阴谋论者的拥护，但所有观察工业化世界大都市动态的人都会发现，这种争论引起了令人不安的共鸣。她批判观点的核心是，除了郊区的住宅，大都市地区的美国家庭几乎没有别的选择，这些住宅配备了邪恶的装备（或者缺乏这些装备）——尤其是，正如海登所指出的，公共空间，明确的中心，以及一系列交通或住房使用权和类型的选择，这些都是反复出现的……
International Journal of Urban and Regional Research© 2005 The Authors. Journal Compilation© 2005 Joint Editors and Blackwell Publishing Ltd. construction on greenfield and (sub) urban infill sites. The policy rhetoric of urban containment and ‘smart growth’—most clearly seen in UK policies stipulating that new housing be built in ‘brownfield’locations—is now prominent on many urbanmetropolitan agendas. Even so, the vast cultural landscapes of suburban space that took form in the postwar years continue to age and decline, and their revitalization has presented itself as a significant twenty-first century challenge. Into the fray comes Dolores Hayden’s overview of American suburbs from the early nineteenth century to the present. Intelligently geared, as are many of Hayden’s earlier books, to the educated lay reader (if not the urban scholar), Building Suburbia is an informative, entertaining, and provocative volume intended to explain major patterns and processes of suburbanization in the US. But its appeal is broader still; the book seems to be an indictment of how America has come to function economically and politically, and it might aptly have been entitled J’accuse. It articulates a provocative critique that ultimately targets corporate America rather than the millions of suburban Americans who often unwittingly bought into suburban life. At key junctures, Hayden reminds the reader that it was not trite materialist folk of questionable taste swooning over boxes of ticky-tacky that really caused suburbanization, but rather a complex weave of capital-driven interests lobbying government for policy change that has coalesced into what is now a taken-for-granted paradigm of metropolitan growth and development. The structure of the book is elegant and intuitive. In tacit recognition of analysts’ calls to avoid referring to ‘suburbia’as a singular entity, the heart of the book critically describes seven dominant (dare it be said archetypal?) suburban types in more-or-less chronological order of appearance. Hayden’s somewhat ambitious suggestion is that modern American metropolitan life has taken place in these seven historic material landscapes or derivatives thereof. Early on, she argues, there were ‘Borderlands’ and ‘Picturesque Enclaves’, followed in the early twentieth century by ‘Streetcar Buildouts’ as well as ‘Mail-Order and Self-Built Suburbs’; in the postwar years came the ‘Sitcom Suburbs’ and by the 1980s ‘Edge Nodes’, and quasi-exurban ‘Rural Fringes’. Hayden’s suburban typology engagingly, if at times brazenly, raises important questions of power, access, equity and cost (in social and ecological terms), while leading the reader on a journey through two centuries of environmental history. This is bracketed by sections entitled ‘The American Metropolitan Landscape’—a noble if somewhat thin metanarrative of suburban dynamics in the industrial and post-industrial metropolis—and ‘The Next Suburbs’, a concluding discussion touching on new trends while stressing the need to pay attention to decaying older suburban districts. On this latter point Hayden is to be especially lauded.Building Suburbia makes effective use of subtle polemic that will be championed by conspiracy theorists, but which all observers of metropolitan dynamics across the industrialized world should find unsettlingly resonant. Central to her critical perspective is that American households in metropolitan regions were offered little other than suburban dwellings with their nefarious accoutrements (or lack thereof—notably, as Hayden argues, public space, well-defined centres, and a range of options in transportation or housing tenure and type, to name points that are repeatedly …