Floral Symmetry and Its Influence on Variance in Flower Size
Floral Symmetry and Its Influence on Variance in Flower Size
复制标题
花的对称性及其对花大小变化的影响
DOI：
10.1086/303249
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发表时间：
1999
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Jennifer L. Krstolic
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
L. Wolfe;Jennifer L. Krstolic
花从辐射对称（辐射对称）到两侧对称（左右对称）的进化转变通常被认为是显花植物1.4亿年历史中的重要一步（Stebbins 1974; Gifford and Foster 1988; Coen et al. 1995）。左右对称现象的出现在多个场合独立发生（Tucker 1984），并导致了高度专业化的授粉系统的进化，如兰科和玄参科（Neal et al. 1998）。最后，由于花的结构和对称性影响传粉者的行为，原始的、径向对称的被子植物花的进化修改影响了植物与其传粉者之间相互作用的特异性（Stebbins 1950）。左右对称的花通常具有融合的管状花冠，具有单一的对称平面。这种花的结构为传粉者提供了数量有限的物理方向，可以通过正确的花卉处理。因此，喂养和授粉可能更困难，需要更高的精确度。相反，辐射对称花有两个或更多的对称平面（Luo et al. 1996），被认为是传粉者处理的更简单的结构。因此，在辐射对称花中，更广泛的动物物种可以实现有效的授粉（Cronk和Moller 1997;理查兹1997）。对称性和传粉者特异性的适应意义来自于花粉运输的更高效率（Faegri and货车der Pijl 1979; Ingrouille 1992）。因为花粉运输的有效性取决于
The evolutionary shift from radial symmetry (actinomorphy) to bilateral symmetry (zygomorphy) in flowers is generally viewed as an important step in the 140-millionyear history of the flowering plants (Stebbins 1974; Gifford and Foster 1988; Coen et al. 1995). The appearance of zygomorphy occurred independently on multiple occasions (Tucker 1984) and has led to the evolution of highly specialized pollination systems seen in advanced families such as the Orchidaceae and Scrophulariaceae (Neal et al. 1998). Largely because flower architecture and symmetry affects pollinator behavior, evolutionary modifications of the primitive, radially symmetrical angiosperm flower influenced the specificity of interactions between plants and their pollinators (Stebbins 1950). Zygomorphic flowers typically have fused tubular corollas with a single plane of symmetry. This floral architecture offers pollinators a limited number of physical orientations that may be adopted for correct flower handling. Consequently, feeding and pollination may be more difficult and require a higher degree of precision. In contrast, actinomorphic flowers have two or more planes of symmetry (Luo et al. 1996) and are considered simpler structures for pollinators to handle. As a result, effective pollination can be achieved by a wider range of animal species in actinomorphic flowers (Cronk and Moller 1997; Richards 1997). The adaptive significance of symmetry and pollinator specificity results from the greater efficiency of pollen transport (Faegri and van der Pijl 1979; Ingrouille 1992). Because the effectiveness of pollen transport depends on