Marxism, cosmopolitanism and ‘the’ Jews
Marxism, cosmopolitanism and ‘the’ Jews
复制标题
马克思主义、世界主义和“犹太人”
DOI：
--
复制
发表时间：
2016
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
P. Spencer
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
P. Spencer
摘要马克思主义者对世界主义和反犹主义的问题都有着复杂而有争议的关系。然而，他们在每个方面遇到的困难和问题可能是相关的。这些问题可以追溯到一次又一次的失败，即没有认真对待马克思对当代反犹主义者的最初批评，以及他同时采取的一种世界主义的政治方法，这使他有别于许多同行。许多马克思主义者没有直面反犹主义，而是接受了它包含某种理性内核的观点，同时倾向于与民族主义形式相适应。在忽视了激进的反犹主义对犹太人构成的致命威胁，并且在很大程度上未能做出回应之后，自称马克思主义者的苏联统治者随后指责犹太人既是民族主义者（错误的犹太复国主义者）又是世界主义者（现在是一个滥用的术语）。然而，在马克思主义运动的边缘，还有一种替代传统可以恢复，特别是在霍克海默和阿多诺的后期作品中，以及在某种程度上也在汉娜·阿伦特的作品中，这种传统从世界主义的角度将反犹主义视为一种本质上反动的政治力量，（当它成为种族灭绝时）威胁到犹太人和整个人类。
Abstract Marxists have had a complex and contentious relationship to the question of both cosmopolitanism and antisemitism. The difficulties and problems they have encountered with each may, however, be related. They can be traced back to a repeated failure to take seriously Marx’s initial critique of contemporary antisemites and his simultaneous adoption of a cosmopolitan approach to politics which set him apart from many of his peers. Rather than confronting antisemitism, many Marxists adopted the view that it contained some kind of rational kernel, whilst drifting towards an accommodation with forms of nationalism. Having ignored and largely failed to respond to the mortal threat that a radicalized antisemitism posed for Jews, the self-proclaimed Marxists ruling the Soviet Union then accused Jews of being both nationalists (of the wrong, Zionist sort) and cosmopolitans (now a term of abuse). There is, however, an alternative tradition that may be recovered, albeit on the margins of the Marxist movement, in the later work especially of Horkheimer and Adorno, and in some parallel way also of Hannah Arendt, that sees antisemitism from a cosmopolitan perspective as an inherently reactionary political force which (as it became genocidal) came to threaten both Jews and humanity at large.