Between bodily changes and performance: some possible reasons for slowing with age.
Between bodily changes and performance: some possible reasons for slowing with age.
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DOI：
10.1080/03610738408258548
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发表时间：
1984
影响因子：
1.8
通讯作者：
A. Welford
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
A. Welford
本文概述了一些模型，这些模型试图解释各种身体变化，特别是神经变化和老年时普遍观察到的表现减慢之间的关系。肌肉和神经肌肉的变化可以解释某些类型的减速，但大多数类型可归因于中枢机制。从感觉输入到运动输出的一长串细胞中时间的小增量积累被证明是不充分的解释。反应时间、脑电α周期时间与年龄的相关性符合反应时间随年龄增加成正比的普遍趋势，但没有考虑误差。一个同时考虑时间和误差的强大模型源于这样一个事实，即来自感觉器官和大脑内的信号必须与信号本身和中枢神经系统中的随机活动(噪声)的背景区分开来，而随着年龄的增长，性能的减慢是由于信噪比的下降。这在某些情况下导致绝对的时间，在另一些情况下导致老年人所需时间的按比例增加。与这些因素相互作用的是，老年人倾向于采用更高的反应标准，并花更多的时间监测自己的行动。在某些情况下，随着时间的推移，出现不成比例的增长，当内存暂时保存数据，而其他数据被收集以做出决定时，似乎就会发生这种情况。从输入到输出的信息处理的几个阶段受到不同任务中随年龄减慢的影响，因此需要对任务的各个方面进行详细研究，以解释观察到的总体影响。
A number of models are outlined which attempt to account for relationships between various bodily, and especially neural, changes and the widespread slowing of performance observed in old age. Muscular and neuromuscular changes can account for some types of slowing, but most types are attributable to central mechanisms. The accumulation of small increments of time in a long chain of cells from sensory input to motor output is shown to be an inadequate explanation. Correlations between reaction time, EEG alpha cycle-time and age are in line with the widespread tendency for increases of reaction time with age to be proportional, but do not take account of errors. A powerful model which does consider both time and errors is derived from the fact that signals from sense organs and within the brain have to be distinguished against a background of random activity ("noise") both in the signals themselves and in the central nervous system, and slowing of performance with age results from a fall in signal-to-noise ratios. This leads in some circumstances to absolute and in others to proportional increases of time taken by older people. Interacting with these factors are tendencies by older people to adopt higher criteria for responding, and to spend more time monitoring their actions. Certain cases in which there is a disproportionate increase with age of time taken appear to occur when memory is involved in holding data temporarily while other data are gathered to arrive at a decision. The several stages of information processing from input to output are affected by slowing with age differently in different tasks, so that detailed study of various aspects of tasks is needed to account for overall effects observed.