Analyzing internet censorship in Pakistan
Analyzing internet censorship in Pakistan
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分析巴基斯坦的互联网审查制度
DOI：
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发表时间：
2016
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Saad B. Qaisar
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Giuseppe Aceto;A. Botta;A. Pescapé;Muhammad Faheem Awan;Tahir Ahmad;Saad B. Qaisar
为了限制本国境内的网络内容，全世界许多国家都在不断加强对互联网的审查。根据最新的开放网络倡议(ONI)报告，近50个国家参与了网络审查，其中包括巴基斯坦。本文介绍了巴基斯坦公开可用的审查URL的方法和测量分析，提供了定性和定量的结果，以衡量主要的互联网服务提供商如何审查巴基斯坦的网络内容。这是文献中第一次使用基于主动探测测量的自动检测方法来分析和比较巴基斯坦五家互联网服务提供商的行为。我们的结果表明：(I)WiTribe、PTCL和Nayatel使用DNS篡改阻止内容，而(Ii)Wateen和Qubee使用HTTP篡改应用过滤。我们通过考虑强制审查机制随时间的演变来评论这些结果。最后，我们进行了一项大学封闭调查，以找出巴基斯坦用户采用的规避技术，我们报告说，巴基斯坦用户试图通过使用网络代理、ToR和VPN来逃避审查。
Internet Censorship is unceasingly increasing in many countries worldwide in order to restrict web contents within the country premises. According to latest Open Net Initiative (ONI) report, almost 50 countries are involved in web censorship, including Pakistan. This paper presents the methodology and the measurement analysis based on publicly available censored URLs in Pakistan, providing both qualitative and quantitative results to gauge how major ISPs are censoring web content in Pakistan. This is the first study in literature analyzing and comparing the behaviour of five ISPs in Pakistan using automated detection methods based on active probing measurements. Our results show that (i) WiTribe, PTCL, and Nayatel block content by using DNS tampering while (ii) Wateen and Qubee apply filtering, using HTTP tampering. We comment on these results by considering the evolution over time of the forced censorship mechanisms. Finally, we performed a University closed survey in order to find out circumvention techniques adopted by users in Pakistan and we report that Pakistani users try to evade censorship by using web proxies, Tor and VPN.