Livestock Production Systems
Livestock Production Systems
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DOI：
10.1007/978-3-319-46709-2_10
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发表时间：
2017-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Han, Guodong
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Derner, Justin D.;Hunt, Leigh;Han, Guodong
牧场占地球陆地面积的50%，在植物生物量中产生可再生的纤维素资源，反刍家畜将其独特地转化为供人类食用的动物蛋白。到2050年，需要可持续地增加供人类消费的全球动物生产，同时减少畜牧业生产的环境足迹。为实现这一目标，畜牧业生产者可以在豆科作物间播种，利用生物能源蛋白质副产品增加膳食蛋白质，在景观上开发饲料“热点”，采用适应性放牧管理以应对气候变化，纳入牲畜-作物综合生产系统，提高生育力以提高出生率，并减少因病虫害压力造成的牲畜损失。畜牧业生产系统概念上的进步扩大了畜牧业在以保护为导向的方法中的效用，包括：(1)努力通过改变植被结构来“改造生态系统”，以增加生境和物种多样性，以及结构异质性；(2)利用定向放牧减少入侵的一年生草和入侵杂草，减少燃料以减少野火；(3)改善了畜牧业在景观中的分布。畜牧生产系统需要通过实施知识和技术来增加动物蛋白的产量，但这种生产必须是可持续的，社会需要相信动物是以人道和环境可接受的方式饲养的，从而使动物蛋白的质量和安全性为消费者所接受。
Rangelands, 50 % of the earth's land surface, produce a renewable resource of cellulose in plant biomass that is uniquely converted by ruminant livestock into animal protein for human consumption. Sustainably increasing global animal production for human consumption by 2050 is needed while reducing the environmental footprint of livestock production. To accomplish this, livestock producers can interseed legumes and use bioenergy protein by-products for increased dietary protein, develop forage "hot spots" on the landscape, use adaptive grazing management in response to a changing climate, incorporate integrated livestock-crop production systems, improve fertility to increase birth rates, and reduce livestock losses due to disease and pest pressure. Conceptual advances in livestock production systems have expanded the utility of livestock in conservation-oriented approaches that include (1) efforts to "engineer ecosystems" by altering vegetation structure for increased habitat and species diversity, and structural heterogeneity; (2) use of targeted grazing to reduce invasive annual grasses and invasive weeds, and fuel reduction to decrease wild-fires; and (3) improvement of the distribution of livestock grazing across the landscape. Livestock production systems need to increase output of animal protein by implementation of knowledge and technology, but this production must be sustainable and society needs to have confidence that animals were raised in a humane and environmentally acceptable manner such that the quality and safety of the animal protein are acceptable for consumers.