The emergence of social learning in a temporally changing environment: A theoretical model
The emergence of social learning in a temporally changing environment: A theoretical model
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DOI：
10.1086/428791
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发表时间：
2005-04-01
影响因子：
2.2
通讯作者：
Feldman, MW
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Aoki, K;Wakano, JY;Feldman, MW
生物有机体的行为是一个复杂的过程，涉及该有机体所拥有的相关信息的表达。例如，当我们写这些单词时，我们可能正在访问存储在我们大脑中的学习知识，我们认为这些知识适用于我们希望解决的问题。尽管存在过于简单化的风险（Gould and Marler，1987），但我们还是有可能根据获取信息的三种不同方式对行为进行分类（Cavalli-Sforza and Feldman，1983 a; Boyd and Richerson，1985; Laland，Odling-Smee and Feldman，2000; Henrich and McElreath，2003; Alvard，2003）。这种不规则的分类将行为分为“天生的"、“社会习得的”或“个体习得的”。当一种行为需要直接表达基因中编码的信息时，它就是天生的，而基因是通过生殖细胞从父母那里遗传来的。社会学习指的是在社会互动的个体之间的信息传递，其结果是“模型”所表现出的行为被“观察者”所采用（Galef 1988，Whiten和Ham 1992，Heyes 1993）。这个标题涵盖了教学、模仿（有目的地复制一种行为模式）、局部增强（注意力被另一个人的行为吸引到一个特定的对象上，导致对该行为的独立发现）以及其他各种心理过程。最后，个人学习指的是独立于任何社会影响而发生的学习。例子是试错法和洞察力。
The behavior of a biological organism is a complex process involving the expression of relevant information possessed by that organism. For example, as we write these words, we are presumably accessing learned knowledge stored in our brains that we believe applies to the problem we hope to solve. At the risk of oversimplification (Gould and Marler 1987), it is possible to classify behaviors in terms of the three distinct ways in which this information can be obtained (Cavalli-Sforza and Feldman 1983a, Boyd and Richerson 1985, Laland, Odling-Smee, and Feldman 2000, Henrich and McElreath 2003, Alvard 2003). This trichotomous classification labels behavior as “innate,”“socially learned,” or “individually learned.” A behavior is innate when it entails the direct expression of information encoded in the genes, which are inherited from the parents via the germ cells. Social learning denotes the transfer of information between socially interacting individuals, as a result of which the behavior exhibited by a “model” is adopted by an “observer”(Galef 1988, Whiten and Ham 1992, Heyes 1993). The rubric covers teaching, imitation (goal-directed copying of an action pattern), local enhancement (attention drawn to a particular object by the behavior of another, leading to independent discovery of that behavior), and various other psychological processes. Finally, individual learning refers to learning that occurs independently of any social influences. Examples are trial-and-error and insight.