Enhancement of fear memory by retrieval through reconsolidation.
Enhancement of fear memory by retrieval through reconsolidation.
复制标题
通过重新整合通过检索来增强恐惧记忆。
作者：
Fukushima H;Zhang Y;Archbold G;Ishikawa R;Nader K;Kida S
记忆提取被认为在记忆增强中起作用。最近，记忆再巩固被认为是将新的信息强化或整合到重新激活的记忆中。在这里，我们表明，重新激活的抑制性回避（IA）的记忆增强，通过重新巩固的条件下，记忆消退是不诱导。这种记忆增强是由杏仁核、海马和内侧前额叶皮质（mPFC）中的神经元通过同时激活钙调神经磷酸酶诱导的蛋白酶体依赖性蛋白降解和cAMP反应元件结合蛋白介导的基因表达介导的。有趣的是，杏仁核是记忆重新巩固和增强所必需的，而海马体和mPFC仅是记忆增强所必需的。此外，提取触发的记忆增强利用不同的机制，以加强IA记忆的额外学习，只依赖于杏仁核。我们的研究结果表明，再巩固功能，以加强原来的记忆，并显示了动态的性质，重新激活的记忆，通过蛋白质降解和基因表达在多个大脑区域。DOI：http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02736.001摄像机使我们能够记录事件的发生。当我们回顾一段视频片段时，我们看到的是最初录制的内容的精确复制品。我们倾向于假设我们的记忆以类似的方式工作。然而，最近的研究表明，我们的记忆可能比我们意识到的更具可塑性。一旦记忆被重新激活，它就会经历一个被称为重新巩固的过程，这个过程可以使它变得更强或更弱，或者可以改变它的内容。现在，福岛等人进行了一系列的实验，揭示了记忆再巩固的过程。老鼠被训练记住一个负面事件，然后测试它们对这个事件的记忆。一些老鼠还被给予了一个“重新激活”的阶段，在此期间，它们被提醒了最初的记忆。在记忆测试中，这些老鼠比那些没有被提醒过的老鼠更害怕这件事，这表明在记忆被提取后重新巩固记忆的过程会使记忆变得更强。福岛等人随后证明，这种增强依赖于大脑特定区域蛋白质的合成。当小鼠在记忆重新激活后立即注射阻断蛋白质合成时，它们对负面事件的记忆减弱。重要的是，这种效果只有在记忆被激活后立即注射时才会发生;如果记忆没有被激活，注射不会改变它的强度。福岛等人进一步指出，大脑的三个区域杏仁核、海马体和内侧前额叶皮层与记忆增强有关。然而，只有杏仁核参与了再巩固的其他方面。这项研究可以通过阐明再巩固在创伤后应激障碍等疾病中的潜在作用来支持临床工作。DOI：http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02736.002网站
Memory retrieval is considered to have roles in memory enhancement. Recently, memory reconsolidation was suggested to reinforce or integrate new information into reactivated memory. Here, we show that reactivated inhibitory avoidance (IA) memory is enhanced through reconsolidation under conditions in which memory extinction is not induced. This memory enhancement is mediated by neurons in the amygdala, hippocampus, and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) through the simultaneous activation of calcineurin-induced proteasome-dependent protein degradation and cAMP responsive element binding protein-mediated gene expression. Interestingly, the amygdala is required for memory reconsolidation and enhancement, whereas the hippocampus and mPFC are required for only memory enhancement. Furthermore, memory enhancement triggered by retrieval utilizes distinct mechanisms to strengthen IA memory by additional learning that depends only on the amygdala. Our findings indicate that reconsolidation functions to strengthen the original memory and show the dynamic nature of reactivated memory through protein degradation and gene expression in multiple brain regions. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02736.001 Video cameras allow us to record events as they happen. When we look back at a video clip, what we see is an exact replica of what was originally recorded. We tend to assume that our memories work in a similar manner. However, recent research suggests that our memories may be more malleable than we realize. Once a memory has been reactivated, it goes through a process known as reconsolidation that can make it stronger or weaker, or that can change its content. Now, Fukushima et al. have carried out a series of experiments which shed light on the process of memory reconsolidation. Mice were trained to remember a negative event, and later tested on their memory of this event. Some of the mice were also given a ‘reactivation’ session, during which they were reminded of the original memory. These mice were more fearful of the event during the memory test than those who had not been reminded of it. This suggests that the process of reconsolidating the memory after it had been retrieved had the effect of making the memory stronger. Fukushima et al. then demonstrated that this enhancement depended on the synthesis of proteins in particular regions of the brain. When the mice were given an injection to block protein synthesis immediately after reactivation of the memory, their memory of the negative event was weakened. Crucially, this effect only happened when the injection was given immediately after reactivation of the memory; if the memory had not been reactivated, the injection did not change its strength. Fukushima et al. went on to show that three regions of the brain—the amygdala, the hippocampus, and the medial prefrontal cortex—are involved in memory enhancement. However, only one of them, the amygdala, is involved in the other aspects of reconsolidation. This research could support clinical work by elucidating the potential role of reconsolidation in conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02736.002