The chaos within Sudoku.
The chaos within Sudoku.
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DOI:
10.1038/srep00725
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发表时间:
2012
影响因子:
4.6
通讯作者:
Toroczkai, Zoltan
中科院分区:
文献类型:
--
作者:
Ercsey-Ravasz, Maria;Toroczkai, Zoltan
The mathematical structure of Sudoku puzzles is akin to hard constraint satisfaction problems lying at the basis of many applications, including protein folding and the ground-state problem of glassy spin systems. Via an exact mapping of Sudoku into a deterministic, continuous-time dynamical system, here we show that the difficulty of Sudoku translates into transient chaotic behavior exhibited by this system. We also show that the escape rate κ, an invariant of transient chaos, provides a scalar measure of the puzzle's hardness that correlates well with human difficulty ratings. Accordingly, η = −log10 κ can be used to define a “Richter”-type scale for puzzle hardness, with easy puzzles having 0 < η ≤ 1, medium ones 1 < η ≤ 2, hard with 2 < η ≤ 3 and ultra-hard with η > 3. To our best knowledge, there are no known puzzles with η > 4.
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期刊:
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