Improved estimates of water cycle change from ocean salinity: the key role of ocean warming

Improved estimates of water cycle change from ocean salinity: the key role of ocean warming
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改进对海洋盐度引起的水循环变化的估计:海洋变暖的关键作用

DOI:
10.1088/1748-9326/aace42
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发表时间:
2018
影响因子:
6.7
通讯作者:
Zika J
Zika J
中科院分区:
环境科学与生态学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Zika J

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全球水循环的变化严重影响了人类所依赖的环境、农业和能源系统(Jiménez西斯内罗斯et al 2014 Climate Change 2014:Impacts,Adaptation,and Vulnerability(剑桥:剑桥大学出版社))。了解最近的水循环变化对限制未来的预测至关重要。变暖引起的水循环变化预计会扩大海面盐度的模式(杜拉克等人,2012年,《科学》,第336卷,第455 - 8页)。然而,出现了一个难题。自20世纪50年代以来,表面盐度模式已经扩大了5%-8%(杜拉克等人2012 Science 336 455 - 8,Skliris等人2014 Clim. Dyn. 43 709 - 36),而水循环被认为以接近该速率的一半放大(杜拉克et al 2012 Science 336 455 - 8,Skliris et al 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 752)。这种差异在21世纪世纪的气候预测中也得到了复制(杜拉克等人,2012年,《科学》,336 455 - 8)。使用有针对性的数值海洋模型实验,我们发现,虽然由于水循环变化和冰质量损失的地表水通量放大了表面盐度模式,海洋变暖产生了重大影响。变暖增加了近地表的分层,抑制了现有盐度对比的衰减,并进一步扩大了地表盐度模式。观测到的海洋变暖可以解释1957 - 2016年观测到的表面盐度模式变化的大约一半,冰质量损失起着次要作用。地表气温每变化摄氏度,水循环变化3.6% ± 2.1%,足以解释其余观测到的盐度模式变化。
Changes in the global water cycle critically impact environmental, agricultural, and energy systems relied upon by humanity (Jiménez Cisneros et al 2014 Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)). Understanding recent water cycle change is essential in constraining future projections. Warming-induced water cycle change is expected to amplify the pattern of sea surface salinity (Durack et al 2012 Science 336 455–8). A puzzle has, however, emerged. The surface salinity pattern has amplified by 5%–8% since the 1950s (Durack et al 2012 Science 336 455–8, Skliris et al 2014 Clim. Dyn. 43 709–36) while the water cycle is thought to have amplified at close to half that rate (Durack et al 2012 Science 336 455–8, Skliris et al 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 752). This discrepancy is also replicated in climate projections of the 21st century (Durack et al 2012 Science 336 455–8). Using targeted numerical ocean model experiments we find that, while surface water fluxes due to water cycle change and ice mass loss amplify the surface salinity pattern, ocean warming exerts a substantial influence. Warming increases near-surface stratification, inhibiting the decay of existing salinity contrasts and further amplifying surface salinity patterns. Observed ocean warming can explain approximately half of observed surface salinity pattern changes from 1957–2016 with ice mass loss playing a minor role. Water cycle change of 3.6%±2.1% per degree Celsius of surface air temperature change is sufficient to explain the remaining observed salinity pattern change.
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