Depiction of Hāloa by Solomon Enos
Depiction of Hāloa by Solomon Enos
复制标题
所罗门·伊诺斯 (Solomon Enos) 对哈罗亚 (Hāloa) 的描绘
DOI：
10.1002/ajmg.c.31896
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发表时间：
2021
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
S. Enos
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Leah Dowsett;S. Enos
This print depicts a colorful figure, Ho'oh ok ukalani, caressing her stillborn child to her bosom (Figure 1). As a part of our creation story, the Hawaiian people acknowledge that consanguinity can lead to malformations that are sometimes incompatible with life. This is illustrated by the father-daughter mating between W akea and Ho'oh ok ukalani, as their first-born was a stillbirth. The Kumulipo is the cosmogenic creation story of all Hawaiian gods including their descendants (Kame'eleihiwa, 2005). Within this context lies the story of H aloa, which is the creation story of our people one of connection between all Hawaiians, between people and nature (Silva, 2004). W akea (Sky Father) and Papah anaumoku (Earth Mother) are the creators of our islands. Together they had a daughter named Ho'oh ok ukalani. W akea and Ho'oh ok ukalani conceived a child, a son who was prematurely stillborn (Figure 2). They named him H aloa meaning eternal breath (Pukui & Elbert, 1971). The k upuna (elders) whispered “the child looks like a root” upon seeing his malformed body (Beckwith, 1940). H aloa was then wrapped in kapa (bark cloth), placed in a woven lauhala (pandanus leaf) basket, and buried in the ' aina (land) at the east corner of their house – the side of the morning sunrise. Grieving the loss of her son, Ho'oh ok ukalani mourned through chanting and crying – watering the grave with her tears. From the gravesite grew an unknown plant with broad, heart-shaped leaves where at the center of each leaf water gathered, like a mother's teardrop. Thus, the first kalo (taro) plant came to be. The plant matured and produced an 'oh a (corm bud) that when removed and transplanted would produce another parent plant, starting a new life cycle (Figure 3). The word 'ohana (family) comes from this word describing human families as kalo plants with offspring (Pukui, Haertig, & Lee, 2002). Ho'oh ok ukalani conceived again with W akea and this time gave birth to a healthy offspring, also named H aloa to honor his elder brother. The younger son became the first Hawaiian, with the elder H aloanakalaukapalili (the epithet nakalaukapalili [long trembling stalk] was added to his name after he became the first kalo plant), becoming the traditional principal food of the Hawaiian people. Hence, H alonakalaukapalili cared for his younger brother and all of his descendants by providing sustenance, and H aloa embraced his duty to serve his elder brother and care for the land. The preserved chants and legends describe the elder H aloa as having a root-like appearance. Other tuberous plants with similar descriptions include the mandrake (Mandragora officinarum), Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus), and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas). This description conveys an image of a tuberous root with stem nodes that give rise to a humanoid form, similar to a torso with micromelia or tetraphocomelia. The genetic differential for such a description is quite broad, but can include various skeletal dysplasia syndromes (Jones, Campo, & Smith, 2013). Roberts syndrome (OMIM, 2020; MIM#268300) is characterized by limb hypomelia and severe prenatal growth deficiency. Many affected fetuses are stillborn or have died in Received: 19 December 2020 Revised: 22 February 2021 Accepted: 3 March 2021
