ORIENTATION INFORMATION IN DIFFERENT FORMS OF ROUTE INSTRUCTIONS
ORIENTATION INFORMATION IN DIFFERENT FORMS OF ROUTE INSTRUCTIONS
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不同形式的路线说明中的方位信息
DOI：
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发表时间：
2013
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Vanessa Joy A. Anacta
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作者：
A. Schwering;Rui Li;Vanessa Joy A. Anacta
提供高质量和易于遵循的路线说明一直是一个持续的研究兴趣。这项探索性工作试图确定路线说明中支持定向和认知图的信息类型。这项研究考察了从参与者那里收集的20条口头路线说明和18张示意图。首先将口头指令与机器生成的指令进行比较。然后，根据生成骨架描述时使用的方法的适应情况，以及我们添加的强调使用地标定位的类别，检查口头路线说明。我们还考虑将全球地标包括在口头说明和草图中，这些地标不在路线上，但支持定向。结果表明，人类的言语指令包括地标，并集中使用地标来表示方向和方向。结果还表明，人类指令既包括局部地标，也包括全球地标，而草图使用更多的全球地标进行定向。进一步分析了地标的类型，结果表明，除了决策点的转向指示外，参与者还使用沿途的地标来保持定向或引导非转向运动。雅居乐2013-鲁汶，2013年5月14日至17日2.2地标的角色用作识别位置[14、15]和获得方向的指示器。Michon和Denis[8]建议参与者在方向发生变化或所谓的“关键节点”时参考地标进行重新定位。没有地标使得在需要重新定向或可能有多种方向选择的情况下很难遵循路线。方向的改变在决策点是需要的，并且可以得到地标的支持[7]。不在决策点的地标的主要作用是确认或保持路线沿线的方向。路线外地标(全球地标)通过提供全球导向为新手提供全面指导[16]。因此，研究只集中在提供有效路线指示的当地地标[17]。在目前的研究中，我们还调查了距离中的地标在提供全球定位方面的作用。2.3骨骼描述Denis[18]发展了一种称为“骨骼描述”的方法，将寻路指令缩短到控制认知方面的最低限度的描述，并保持充分的信息量。用自然语言给出的指令被解构成一组巨大的描述。然后提取大量描述，以产生仅包含地标和行动的最小指令集。在他的骨架描述中，大多数地标都是在决策点提到的，而在路线段上提到的很少，因为骨架描述省略了笔直路径上的地标和地标的描述。这一观点也受到了Lovelace及其同事的质疑[7]，即不仅决策点的地标足以构建高质量的路线方向。我们还认为，沿着笔直小路的地标也很重要，特别是对于保持方向性。我们的目标不是提供最少的路线说明，而是提供对定向至关重要的信息。因此，我们只采用了Denis在第一阶段使用的框架，将路线指令解构为巨型描述，以便进一步构建解决方位信息的类别。总而言之，地标在人类寻路中发挥着核心作用。研究根据地标的位置区分地标的作用：在决策点、在决策点之间和在路线外[7]。虽然到目前为止大多数研究都集中在点状地标上，但我们将地标分为局部地标和全球地标。地方地标要么位于决策点，要么位于决策点之间。全球地标的路线不仅是点状的，而且是地区性的。区域地标(如城市中心)不存在于导航和定位地图中，但它们在日常通信中广为人知，通常被用作导航中的地标。
Providing quality and easy-to-follow route instructions has been an ongoing research interest. This exploratory work attempts to determine types of information in route instructions that support orientation and cognitive mapping during wayfinding. This study examined a set of 20 verbal route instructions and 18 sketch maps collected from participants. Verbal instructions are first compared with machine generated instructions. Verbal route instructions are then examined based on the adaption of methodology used in generating skeletal descriptions and our addition of categories that emphasize orientation using landmarks. We also consider global landmarks included in both verbal instructions and sketch maps that are off route but supportive for orientation. Results show that human verbal instructions include landmarks and use them intensively for direction and orientation. Results also show that human instructions include both local and global landmarks while sketch maps use more global landmarks for orientation. Landmark types are further analyzed, which shows that in addition to the instructions of turning direction at decision points, participants use landmarks along the route to maintain orientation or direct non-turning movement. AGILE 2013 – Leuven, May 14-17, 2013 2.2 Roles of landmarks Landmarks serve as indicators to identify locations [14, 15] and to gain orientation. Michon and Denis [8] suggested that participants refer to landmarks for reorientation when there is a change of direction or at so-called ‘critical nodes’. The absence of landmarks makes it difficult to follow a route where reorientation is needed or where several choices of directions are possible. Change of orientation is needed at decision points and can be supported by landmarks [7]. The major role of landmarks not at decision points is to confirm or maintain the orientation along a route. Landmarks off route (global landmarks) support novices for overall guidance by providing global orientation [16]. Consequently, research focused only on local landmarks for providing effective route instructions [17]. In the current study, we investigate also the role of landmarks in distance for providing global orientation. 2.3 Skeletal descriptions Denis [18] developed a method called “skeletal descriptions” to shorten wayfinding instructions to a minimum description governing cognitive aspects and remaining fully informative. Instructions given in natural languages were deconstructed into a set of mega-descriptions. The mega-descriptions were then extracted to produce a minimum set of instructions containing only landmarks and actions. In his skeletal descriptions, most landmarks were mentioned at decision points while few were mentioned along route segments as skeletal descriptions omit landmarks along the straight paths and descriptions of landmarks. This view has also been challenged by Lovelace and colleagues [7] that not only landmarks at decisions points are sufficient to construct quality route directions. We also argue that landmarks along straight paths are also important particularly to maintain orientation. Our goal is not to provide minimum set of route instructions but information that is essential for orientation. Therefore, we only adapted Denis’ framework that he used in the first phase to deconstruct route instructions into mega-descriptions for us to further construct categories that address orientation information. To sum up, landmarks play a central role in human wayfinding. Research differentiate roles of landmarks based on their locations: at decision points, between decision points, and off route [7]. While most research so far concentrated on point-like landmarks, we categorized landmarks into local and global ones. Local landmarks are either at decision points or between decision points. Global landmarks are off routes that are not only point-like but also regional. Regional landmarks (e.g. city center) do not exist in maps for navigation and orientation, but they are well-known in everyday communication and are commonly used as landmarks in navigation.