Etiology of human breast cancer: a review.
Etiology of human breast cancer: a review.
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人类乳腺癌的病因学：综述。
DOI：
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发表时间：
1973
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
JamesB. Brown
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
B. Macmahon;Philip A. Cole;JamesB. Brown
本文综述了人类乳腺癌的危险因素和特定病因学假说。研究发现，随着初次分娩时年龄的增加，患乳腺癌的风险也会增加。乳腺癌的发病率随着年龄的增长而增加，尽管增长率在地理上各不相同，在一些国家，随着年龄的增长而下降。初潮早和绝经晚与较高的风险有关，而手术诱导的绝经降低了风险。北美和北方的乳腺癌发病率比非洲和亚洲大部分地区高5-6倍。良性乳腺疾病史和乳腺癌家族史也会增加风险。乳腺癌与卵巢癌、子宫内膜癌、子宫体癌和结肠癌有关。低水平雄激素代谢产物的排泄与乳腺癌风险增加有关。乳腺癌风险与月经初潮后最初几年的雌激素代谢相关的假设是与该疾病所有主要流行病学特征最相符的假设，也几乎是唯一可以接受的解释。外源性雌激素催乳素和孕酮在该病中的作用还有待于在人类中进行评估。病毒研究和乳腺癌风险与雄激素和雌激素代谢模式的关系似乎是乳腺癌控制研究中最有前途的领域。
Literature on the risk factors for human breast cancer and specific etiologic hypotheses is reviewed. The risk of breast cancer has been found to increase with increasing age at the time of first delivery. The incidence of breast cancer increases with age though the rate of increase varies geographically and in some countries declines in later life. Early menarche and late menopause are associated with higher risk while surgically induced menopause reduces the risk. The rate of breast cancer is 5-6 times higher in North America and Northern Europe than in most areas of Africa and Asia. A history of benign breast disease and a familial history of breast cancer also increase the risk. Breast cancer has been associated with cancers of the ovary endometrium uterine corpus and the colon. The excretion of low levels of androgen metabolites have been related to an increased risk of breast cancer. The hypothesis that breast cancer risk is related to estrogen metabolism during the first few years after menarche is the hypothesis most compatible with all the major epidemiological features of the disease and is virtually the only acceptable explanation. The roles of exogenous estrogens prolactin and progesterone in the disease have yet to be evaluated in humans. Virus studies and the relationship of breast cancer risk to patterns of androgen and estrogen metabolism seem the most promising areas for research in the control of breast cancer.