Stress Adaptation.
Stress Adaptation.
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DOI：
10.1128/microbiolspec.funk-0048-2016
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发表时间：
2017-07
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Quinn J
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Brown AJP;Cowen LE;di Pietro A;Quinn J
真菌物种表现出极其多样化的生活方式。然而，每个物种的生存取决于其感知和应对自然环境变化的能力。温度、水平衡或 pH 值的波动等环境变化，或暴露于活性氧和氮等化学损伤下，会产生压力，扰乱细胞稳态并对真菌细胞造成分子损伤。因此，真菌进化出了修复这种损伤、解毒化学损伤和恢复细胞稳态的机制。大多数压力本质上都是基本的，因此，在整个真菌界及其他领域所产生的反应的本质上存在着显着的进化保守性。例如，热休克通常诱导促进蛋白质重折叠的分子伴侣的合成，抗氧化剂通常响应于氧化应激而合成，并且渗透剂水平通常在高渗休克后增加。在本文中，我们总结了目前对这些和其他应激反应以及在真菌中调节它们的信号通路的理解。将酿酒酵母等模型酵母与丝状真菌以及植物和人类的病原体进行比较。我们还讨论了当前与定义应激反应动态相关的挑战，以及在反映自然环境的条件下阐述真菌应激适应的挑战，在自然环境中，真菌细胞可能顺序或同时暴露于不同类型的应激。
Fungal species display an extraordinarily diverse range of lifestyles. Nevertheless, the survival of each species depends on its ability to sense and respond to changes in its natural environment. Environmental changes such as fluctuations in temperature, water balance or pH, or exposure to chemical insults such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species exert stresses that perturb cellular homeostasis and cause molecular damage to the fungal cell. Consequently, fungi have evolved mechanisms to repair this damage, detoxify chemical insults, and restore cellular homeostasis. Most stresses are fundamental in nature, and consequently, there has been significant evolutionary conservation in the nature of the resultant responses across the fungal kingdom and beyond. For example, heat shock generally induces the synthesis of chaperones that promote protein refolding, antioxidants are generally synthesized in response to an oxidative stress, and osmolyte levels are generally increased following a hyperosmotic shock. In this article we summarize the current understanding of these and other stress responses as well as the signaling pathways that regulate them in the fungi. Model yeasts such asSaccharomyces cerevisiaeare compared with filamentous fungi, as well as with pathogens of plants and humans. We also discuss current challenges associated with defining the dynamics of stress responses and with the elaboration of fungal stress adaptation under conditions that reflect natural environments in which fungal cells may be exposed to different types of stresses, either sequentially or simultaneously.