Chimpanzees copy dominant and knowledgeable individuals: implications for cultural diversity.
Chimpanzees copy dominant and knowledgeable individuals: implications for cultural diversity.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2014.09.002
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发表时间：
2015-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Hoppitt W
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Kendal R;Hopper LM;Whiten A;Brosnan SF;Lambeth SP;Schapiro SJ;Hoppitt W
进化理论预测，自然选择会形成认知偏见，以指导个体何时以及从谁那里获得社会信息，但这些偏见的确切性质，特别是在生态有效的群体背景下，仍然未知。我们暴露了四个圈养组的黑猩猩（黑猩猩）一种新的提取觅食设备，并通过拟合统计模型，隔离四个同时运行的传输偏差。这些包括模仿（i）高级和（ii）专家个体的偏见，以及模仿（iii）不确定或（iv）低级别时的其他偏见。高级别的个人是相对非战略性的，在他们的使用获得的知识，这与其他人观察他们的偏见相结合，可以解释报告说，高创新率（在青少年和下属）并没有产生相应的高频率的黑猩猩的传统。鉴于黑猩猩移民的等级通常较低，“复制优势”的偏见可能有助于观察到的不同的文化剧目在邻近社区的维护，尽管共享相似的生态和知识渊博的移民。因此，一个复制的优势策略可能，因为经常提出的顺从传输，也许在音乐会上，限制黑猩猩社区内的传统积累，同时保持文化多样性。
Evolutionary theory predicts that natural selection will fashion cognitive biases to guide when, and from whom, individuals acquire social information, but the precise nature of these biases, especially in ecologically valid group contexts, remains unknown. We exposed four captive groups of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) to a novel extractive foraging device and, by fitting statistical models, isolated four simultaneously operating transmission biases. These include biases to copy (i) higher-ranking and (ii) expert individuals, and to copy others when (iii) uncertain or (iv) of low rank. High-ranking individuals were relatively un-strategic in their use of acquired knowledge, which, combined with the bias for others to observe them, may explain reports that high innovation rates (in juveniles and subordinates) do not generate a correspondingly high frequency of traditions in chimpanzees. Given the typically low rank of immigrants in chimpanzees, a ‘copying dominants’ bias may contribute to the observed maintenance of distinct cultural repertoires in neighboring communities despite sharing similar ecology and knowledgeable migrants. Thus, a copying dominants strategy may, as often proposed for conformist transmission, and perhaps in concert with it, restrict the accumulation of traditions within chimpanzee communities whilst maintaining cultural diversity.