Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) show robust evidence for memory awareness across multiple generalization tests.
Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) show robust evidence for memory awareness across multiple generalization tests.
复制标题
恒河猴（Macaca mulatta）在多项泛化测试中显示出记忆意识的有力证据。
DOI：
10.1007/s10071-011-0468-4
复制
发表时间：
2012
期刊：
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Hampton,RobertR
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Templer,VictoriaL;Hampton,RobertR
记忆意识发生在非人类动物中的可能性已经通过提供机会来降低记忆测试进行了评估。目前的证据表明，当记忆力较弱时，恒河猴（Macaca mulatta）选择性地拒绝测试（汉普顿，美国国家科学院院刊（Proc Natl Acad Sci USA）98：5359-5362，2001; Smith等人，Behav Brain Sci 26：317-374，2003）。然而，许多现有的非人类元认知研究受到批评，在一个测试类型的相当多的培训后，受试者学会拒绝困难的试验基于外部测试特定的偶然性联想学习，而不是通过评估记忆或其他认知状态的私人状态。我们评估了这种测试特定的协会是否可以解释的表现，提出了一系列的泛化测试，在整个猴子没有一个单一的协会与外部刺激可能自适应控制使用的下降反应。六只猴子进行了四个替代延迟匹配的位置任务，并显着更准确的试验与拒绝选项比没有它的试验，表明受试者选择性地拒绝测试时，记忆力较弱。猴子在三种评估泛化的条件下转移了对下降反应的适当使用：两种测试削弱了记忆，一种测试以一种新的方式增强了记忆。双向泛化表明，猴子对衰退反应的使用不受特定外部刺激的控制，而是一种基于对记忆的私人评估的灵活行为。
The possibility that memory awareness occurs in nonhuman animals has been evaluated by providing opportunity to decline memory tests. Current evidence suggests that rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) selectively decline tests when memory is weak (Hampton in Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:5359–5362, 2001; Smith et al. in Behav Brain Sci 26:317–374, 2003). However, much of the existing research in nonhuman metacognition is subject to the criticism that, after considerable training on one test type, subjects learn to decline difficult trials based on associative learning of external test-specific contingencies rather than by evaluating the private status of memory or other cognitive states. We evaluated whether such test-specific associations could account for performance by presenting monkeys with a series of generalization tests across which no single association with external stimuli was likely to adaptively control use of the decline response. Six monkeys performed a four alternative delayed matching to location task and were significantly more accurate on trials with a decline option available than on trials without it, indicating that subjects selectively declined tests when memory was weak. Monkeys transferred appropriate use of the decline response under three conditions that assessed generalization: two tests that weakened memory and one test that enhanced memory in a novel way. Bidirectional generalization indicates that use of the decline response by monkeys is not controlled by specific external stimuli but is rather a flexible behavior based on a private assessment of memory.