Anisakid Nematode (Ascaridoidea) Life Cycles and Distribution: Increasing Zoonotic Potential in the Time of Climate Change?
Anisakid Nematode (Ascaridoidea) Life Cycles and Distribution: Increasing Zoonotic Potential in the Time of Climate Change?
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DOI：
10.1007/978-3-642-21396-0_11
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发表时间：
2011-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Palm, Harry W.
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文献类型：
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作者：
Klimpel, Sven;Palm, Harry W.
寄生线虫是危害人类和动物健康的重要病原体。其中一些自然栖息在海洋环境中，它们分布广泛，可以在各种不同的宿主中找到。通过水生动物传播的食源性人畜共患病最常与异尖线虫属的异尖线虫有关，异尖线虫属Dujardin，1845年;反盲线虫属Railliet和亨利，1912年;以及伪棘线虫属Mozgovoi，1951年。它们通常存在于海洋哺乳动物的消化道中，并作为中间宿主感染水生无脊椎动物和脊椎动物。分布最广的鲸鱼蠕虫异尖线虫属。涉及鲸目动物作为最后宿主，浮游桡足类、磷虾类、鱿鱼和硬骨鱼类作为中间宿主或准宿主。人类消化道疼痛性感染源于食用生或半生渔业产品，例如鱼和鱿鱼。最近的分子生物学研究揭示了异尖线虫中存在形态相似但遗传学上不同的隐种（“同胞种”）。其中，A.单纯形是人类感染人数最多的地方对世界各地异尖线虫幼虫的分子生物学研究表明，海洋异尖线虫的种类分布不均匀，以A。单纯形仅限于北方半球。另一种是A. typica，尚未与这种疾病联系起来，似乎仅限于热带地区。本章介绍了目前的知识状态，这一广泛的鱼类寄生虫，包括人类病原体的重要性，他们的生活周期生物学，地理学和寄生虫。总结了目前公认的异尖线虫物种的分布，并结合已知的人类异尖线虫病例数。我们认为，人类的致病性是不同的异尖线虫的兄弟姐妹，提供了一个可能的解释不均匀的疾病记录在世界范围内。在气候变化的时候，异尖线虫病的风险变化的可能性进行了讨论。
Parasitic nematodes are known as important pathogens that cause problems for human and animal health. Some of them naturally inhabit the marine environment, where they are widespread and can be found in a variety of different hosts. Food-borne zoonoses via aquatic animals are most often linked to anisakid nematodes of the genera Anisakis Dujardin, 1845, Contracaecum Railliet and Henry, 1912, and Pseudoterranova Mozgovoi, 1951. These are commonly found in the digestive tract of marine mammals, and infect aquatic invertebrates and vertebrates as intermediate hosts. The most widely distributed whale worms Anisakis spp. involve cetaceans as final and planktonic copepods, euphausiids, squids and teleosts as intermediate or paratenic hosts. Painful infections of the digestive tract in humans originate through consumption of raw or semi-raw fisheries products, for example fish and squid. Recent molecular studies revealed the existence of morphologically similar but genetically different cryptic species ('sibling species') within the anisakids. Among these, A. simplex (s.s.) is responsible for the highest number of recorded human infections. Molecular studies of Anisakis larvae from various parts of the world Oceans demonstrate an uneven species distribution, with A. simplex (s.s.) being limited to the northern hemisphere. Another species, A. typica, has not yet been connected to this disease, and seems to be restricted to the tropical regions. This chapter presents the present state of knowledge about this widespread group of fish parasites, including the importance as human pathogens, their life cycle biology, biogeography and phylogeny. The distribution of the currently recognized Anisakis species is summarized and combined with the number of known cases of human anisakiasis. We suggest that pathogenicity for humans is different among the Anisakis siblings, providing a possible explanation for uneven disease records worldwide. The possibility of a changing risk of anisakidosis in the time of climate change is discussed.