Retroviral restriction factor APOBEC3G delays the initiation of DNA synthesis by HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.

Retroviral restriction factor APOBEC3G delays the initiation of DNA synthesis by HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.
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DOI:
10.1371/journal.pone.0064196
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发表时间:
2013
期刊:
影响因子:
3.7
通讯作者:
Chelico L
Chelico L
中科院分区:
综合性期刊3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Adolph MB;Webb J;Chelico L

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众所周知,胞嘧啶脱氨酶 APOBEC3G 在没有病毒体感染因子 (Vif) 的情况下可以通过单链 HIV-1 (−)DNA 中的胞嘧啶脱氨基为尿嘧啶来诱导基因组突变来限制 HIV-1 病毒体。然而,APOBEC3G 是否能够使用不依赖脱氨基的模式限制 HIV-1 仍然是一个悬而未决的问题。在本报告中,我们在引物/模板上使用体外引物延伸测定,模拟来自引物结合位点 (PBS) 和 HIV-1 蛋白酶基因内的逆转录酶的 (−)DNA 合成。我们发现,在逆转录酶比 APOBEC3G 过量的条件下,APOBEC3G 能够将逆转录酶的 DNA 合成起始减少约 2 倍,如在 HIV-1 病毒体中发现的那样。然而,RNA 模板上 DNA 合成起始延迟最多 120 nt 并不会减少延长孵育后延伸的引物总量,除非逆转录酶的浓度等于或小于 APOBEC3G 的浓度。通过确定引物/模板的逆转录酶和 APOBEC3G 以及逆转录酶与 APOBEC3G 结合的表观 Kd 值,我们得出结论,APOBEC3G 能够通过与 RNA 模板结合而不是通过与逆转录酶物理相互作用来降低逆转录酶介导的 DNA 合成的效率。总而言之,这些数据支持一个模型,其中 APOBEC3G 的这种脱氨独立模式在限制 HIV-1 方面将发挥次要作用。我们认为,我们观察到的逆转录酶的脱氨基独立抑制可能是 APOBEC3G 用于减慢原病毒 DNA 形成并增加单链 (-)DNA 可用于 APOBEC3G 脱氨基的时间的机制,而不是 APOBEC3G 用于限制 HIV-1 的直接机制。
It is well established that the cytosine deaminase APOBEC3G can restrict HIV-1 virions in the absence of the virion infectivity factor (Vif) by inducing genome mutagenesis through deamination of cytosine to uracil in single-stranded HIV-1 (−)DNA. However, whether APOBEC3G is able to restrict HIV-1 using a deamination-independent mode remains an open question. In this report we use in vitro primer extension assays on primer/templates that model (−)DNA synthesis by reverse transcriptase from the primer binding site (PBS) and within the protease gene of HIV-1. We find that APOBEC3G is able to decrease the initiation of DNA synthesis by reverse transcriptase approximately 2-fold under conditions where reverse transcriptase is in excess to APOBEC3G, as found in HIV-1 virions. However, the delay in the initiation of DNA synthesis on RNA templates up to 120 nt did not decrease the total amount of primer extended after extended incubation unless the concentration of reverse transcriptase was equal to or less than that of APOBEC3G. By determining apparent Kd values of reverse transcriptase and APOBEC3G for the primer/templates and of reverse transcriptase binding to APOBEC3G we conclude that APOBEC3G is able to decrease the efficiency of reverse transcriptase-mediated DNA synthesis by binding to the RNA template, rather than by physically interacting with reverse transcriptase. All together the data support a model in which this deamination-independent mode of APOBEC3G would play a minor role in restricting HIV-1. We propose that the deamination-independent inhibition of reverse transcriptase we observed can be a mechanism used by APOBEC3G to slow down proviral DNA formation and increase the time in which single-stranded (−)DNA is available for deamination by APOBEC3G, rather than a direct mechanism used by APOBEC3G for HIV-1 restriction.
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