EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY
EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY
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DOI：
10.1038/scientificamerican1274-23
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发表时间：
1974-01-01
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
BUCKHOUT, R
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
BUCKHOUT, R
也许她有，但她可能是错的。目击者的证词是不可信的。研究和法庭经验提供了充分的证据，证明犯罪的目击者被要求做一些事情，做一些正常人不应该做的事情。罗伯特·巴克豪特（Robert Buckhout）认为，人类的感知是草率的，也是不均衡的，尽管它在满足我们根据经验创造结构的需要方面非常有效。然而，在调查或法庭上，证人经常被要求扮演一种录音机的角色，犯罪事件在其磁带上留下了印象。专家们调查了存储的事实和场景，并试图确定机智的记录设备过去和现在都处于完美的运行状态。辩方盘问证人，以证明录音机有缺陷，磁带有漏洞。双方，通常还有证人，都屈服于这样一种谬论，即一切都被记录下来，以后可以通过提问回放。我们这些研究目击证人身份的人。我反对这种谬论。它反映了19世纪将人视为感知者的观点，这种观点认为物理世界的机制与大脑的机制是平行的。人类的感知是一种更为复杂的信息处理机制。所以是阿奎利。一个人看到一场事故或目睹一场犯罪，然后被要求描述他所看到的，他不能要求”即时回放“。“他必须依靠他的记忆，尽管它有很多局限性。这些限制在日常活动中可能并不重要。如果有人有点
Perhaps she has, but she may be wrong. Eyewitness testimony is unreli able. Research and courtroom experi ence provide ample evidence that an eyewitness to a crime is being asked to be something and do something that a normal human being was not created to be or do. Human perception is sloppy by Robert Buckhout and uneven, albeit remarkably effective in serving our need to create structure out of experience. In an investigation or in court, however, a witness is often asked to play the role of a kind of tape recorder on whose tape the events of the crime have left an impression. The pros ecution probes for stored facts and scenes and tries to establish that the wit ness's recording equipment was and still is in perfect running order. The defense cross-examines the witness to show that there are defects in the recorder and gaps in the tape. Both sides, and usually the witness too, succumb to the fallacy that everything was recorded and can be played back later through questioning. Those of us who have done research in eyewitness identificat. ion reject that fallacy. It reflects a 19th-century view of man as perceiver, which asserted a paral lel between the mechanisms of the physi cal world and those of the brain. Human perception is a more complex informa tion-processing mechanism. So is mem ory. The person who sees an accident or witnesses a crime and is then asked to describe what he saw cannot call up an" instant replay." He must depend on his memory, with all its limitations. The limitations may be unimportant in ordi nary daily activities. If someone is a little