Política de cotas raciais, os "olhos da sociedade" e os usos da antropologia: o caso do vestibular da Universidade de Brasília (UnB)
Política de cotas raciais, os "olhos da sociedade" e os usos da antropologia: o caso do vestibular da Universidade de Brasília (UnB)
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巴西利亚大学 (UnB)
DOI：
10.1590/s0104-71832005000100011
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发表时间：
2005
影响因子：
0.4
通讯作者：
R. Santos
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
M. C. Maio;R. Santos
巴西利亚大学（UnB）是巴西第一所采用种族配额作为录取程序的一部分的联邦大学，为“黑人”学生保留所有课程的20%。该制度于2004年下半年生效。该大学的举措不仅在学术界，而且在整个巴西社会引起了激烈的争论，特别是因为决定该计划资格的方法是成立一个委员会，通过分析候选人的照片来确定候选人的种族身份。与黑人运动结盟的大学官僚机构选择了这种方法来处理敏感的社会政治问题。其目的是通过设定所谓的客观参数，给予巴西黑人特权，以纠正历史上的不公正，同时消除潜在的“种族骗子”。这些标准的应用，受到一种种族解剖心理学的影响，导致了一段广泛传播的科学和政治争议，特别是因为标准本身极具争议性。巴西利亚大学一案的一个特别重要的方面是，它要求我们思考人类学的使用和滥用，因为在技术层面上，人类学的实践被称为“种族专门知识”。“我们在本文中的目的是反思这一案例的背景，这一案例虽然具体，但指出了人类学在当代政治和社会进程动态中的更广泛参与（和用途）。
The University of Brasilia (UnB) was the first Brazilian federal university to adopt racial quotas as part of its admission procedures, reserving 20% of places in all courses for "black" students. The system came into effect in the second semester of 2004. The university's initiative generated intense debate not only in the academic community but throughout Brazilian society, in particular because the means adopted to decide eligibility under the program was to set up a commission that determined the racial identity of candidates by analyzing their photographs. The university bureaucracy, allied with the black movement, chose this method to deal with a sensitive socio-political issue. The aim was to privilege black Brazilians in order to remedy historical injustices, and at the same time eliminate potential "racial cheaters," by setting supposedly objective parameters. The application of these criteria, influenced by a kind of racial-anatomical psychology, led to a period of wide spread scientific and political dispute, especially because the criteria themselves were highly controversial. A particularly significant aspect of the University of Brasilia case is that it requires us to think about the uses and abuses of anthropology, since on a technical level the practice of anthropology was invoked as "racial expertise." Our purpose in this paper is to reflect on the context of this case, which, although specific, points to the wider involvement (and to the uses) of anthropology in the dynamics of contemporary political and social processes.