A SIMPLE OBJECTIVE TECHNIQUE FOR MEASURING FLEXIBILITY IN THINKING
A SIMPLE OBJECTIVE TECHNIQUE FOR MEASURING FLEXIBILITY IN THINKING
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DOI：
10.1080/00221309.1948.9918159
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发表时间：
1948-07-01
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Berg, Esta A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Berg, Esta A.
近年来，思维中的“抽象行为”和“集合转移”现象成为人们讨论和分析的主题。有选择地对一种情况或物体的一种性质作出反应的能力受损，以及无法从一种情况的一个方面转移到另一个方面，在许多精神病理学中都被指出是重要的（1,2,3,6,7）。一些研究人员为这些思维方面设计了测试（1、3、6），但由于难以获得定量测量，因此不得不依赖对测试结果的定性分析。量化的不充分降低了这些测试的客观性和可靠性，阻碍了正常和异常思维中抽象和集转移研究的进展。威斯康星大学灵长类动物实验室的实验表明，恒河猴在辨别问题中，除了奖励的刺激对象发生变化外，没有可观察到的线索表明问题发生了变化，恒河猴对积极和消极刺激的转移有反应(8)。随后的研究表明，大脑操作的猴子失去了跟随移动问题的能力，尽管它们可以解决不涉及移动的问题(5)。这些观察结果提出了一种客观的技术来测量人类的抽象和集合的转移，这将产生这些方面的思考和推理的定量测量。
The phenomena of “abstract behavior” and “shift of set” in thinking have recently been the subject for much discussion and analysis. Impairment of the ability to respond selectively to one quality of a situation or object and the inability to shift from one aspect of a situation to another have been pointed out as important in a number of psychopathologies (1, 2, 3, 6, 7). A number of investigators have devised tests for these aspects of thinking (1, 3, 6), but difficulties in obtaining quantitative measures have forced reliance on qualitative analyses of the test results. Inadequate quantification has reduced the objectivity and reliability of these tests and has impeded progress of the study of abstraction and shift of set in normal and abnormal thinking, Experiments at the University of Wisconsin Primate Laboratory demonstrated that rhesus monkeys responded to shifts of positive and negative stimuli in discrimination problems when no observable clue, other than a change in stimulus object rewarded, indicated that the problem had been changed (8). Subsequent research indicated that brain-operated monkeys lost their ability to follow shifting problems although they could solve problems involving no shift (5). These observations suggested an objective technique for measuring human abstraction and shift of set which would yierd quantitative measures of these aspects of thinking and reasoning.