American English: Dialects and Variation
American English: Dialects and Variation
复制标题
美式英语：方言及其变体
DOI：
10.2307/417411
复制
发表时间：
1998
影响因子：
4
通讯作者：
Natalie Schilling
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Walt Wolfram;Natalie Schilling
图表一览表系列编辑序音标1方言、标准和方言1. 1定义方言1. 2方言：大众观点1. 3方言的神话和现实1. 4标准和方言1. 5方言1. 6方言的标注1. 7为什么要研究方言？1.8研究的传统。1.9进一步阅读。2为什么方言？2.1 2.1.1定居2.1.2移民2.1.3地理因素2.1.4语言接触2.1.5经济生态2.1.6社会分层2.1.7社会互动，社会实践，2.1.8群体和个人身份2.2语言解释2.2.1规则扩展2.2.2类比2.2.3透明度和语法化.2.2.4发音现象.2.2.5单词和词义.2.3最终产品.2.4进一步阅读.3方言的层次.3.1词汇差异.3.2俚语.3.3语音差异.3.4语法差异.3.5语言使用和语用学.3.6进一步阅读.4美国方言：过去、现在和未来.4.1美国最早的英语.4.2早期美国英语：4.4英语的向西扩展4.5美国英语的现状和未来4.6进一步阅读5区域方言5.1引出区域方言形式5.2绘制区域变体5.3方言形式的分布.5.4方言的扩散.5.5感知方言学.5.6区域和地点.5.7延伸阅读.6社会和民族方言.6.1阶级的界定.6.2超越社会阶级.6.3社会差异在语言中的模式化.6.4语言对变异性的限制.6.5语言的社会评价.6.6社会阶级和语言变化.6.7 6.8拉丁裔英语奇卡诺英语.6.8.2拉丁美洲英语的范围.6.9卡津英语.6.10伦比英语.6.11延伸阅读.7非裔美国人英语.7.1欧洲裔美国人和非裔美国人方言的地位.7.2 AAE的起源和早期发展.7.3 AAE的当代发展.7.4结论.7.5延伸阅读.8性别和语言变异8.1方言调查中报告的基于性别的变异模式8.2解释一般模式8.3性别差异的本地化表达8.4实践社区：将本地和全球联系起来8.5基于广告使用的方法：8.6“文化差异”8.7“主导地位”方法8.8进一步的含义8.9谈论男人和女人8.9.1一般的he和man 8.9.2姓氏和地址8.9.3联想关系8.9.4标签.8.10语言改革问题.8.11延伸阅读.9方言和语体（是第一版第8章）.9.1风格转换的类型.9.2对演讲的关注.9.2.1跨社会群体的风格变异模式.9.2.2对演讲方法的关注的局限性.9.3受众设计.9.3.1受众对演讲的影响风格.9.3.2受众设计方法的局限性.9.3.3受众设计的新方法.9.4演讲者设计方法.9.5进一步考虑.9.6进一步阅读.10关于方言研究的应用.10.1应用方言学.10.2方言和测试.10.2.1语言表达.10.2.2言语和语言发展测试.10.2.3预测方言干扰10.3测试词汇10.3.1使用语言获取信息10.3.2测试情境10.3.3语言诊断师10.4教学标准英语10.4.1什么标准？10.4.2学习标准英语的方法10.4.3标准英语可以教吗？10.5进一步阅读。11方言意识：扩大应用。11.1方言和阅读。11.1.1方言读者。11.2方言在书面材料中的影响。11.3书面方言。11.4积极的方言意识方案。11.5方言课程。11.6以社区为基础的方言意识方案。11.7仔细检查社区伙伴关系。11.8进一步阅读。附录：社会诊断结构目录.词汇.参考文献.索引。
List of Figures.List of Tables.Series Editor's Preface.Preface.Phonetic Symbols.1 Dialects, Standards, and Vernaculars.1.1 Defining Dialect.1.2 Dialect: The Popular Viewpoint.1.3 Dialect Myths and Reality.1.4 Standards and Vernaculars.1.5 Vernacular Dialects.1.6 Labeling Vernacular Dialects.1.7 Why Study Dialects?.1.8 A Tradition of Study.1.9 Further Reading.2 Why Dialects?.2.1 Sociohistorical Explanation.2.1.1 Settlement.2.1.2 Migration.2.1.3 Geographical factors.2.1.4 Language contact.2.1.5 Economic ecology.2.1.6 Social stratification.2.1.7 Social interaction, social practices, and speech communities.2.1.8 Group and individual identity.2.2 Linguistic Explanation.2.2.1 Rule extension.2.2.2 Analogy.2.2.3 Transparency and grammaticalization.2.2.4 Pronunciation phenomena.2.2.5 Words and word meanings.2.3 The Final Product.2.4 Further Reading.3 Levels of Dialect.3.1 Lexical Differences.3.2 Slang.3.3 Phonological Differences.3.4 Grammatical Differences.3.5 Language Use and Pragmatics.3.6 Further Reading.4 Dialects in the United States: Past, Present, and Future.4.1 The First English(es) in America.4.2 Earlier American English: The Colonial Period.4.3 American English Extended.4.4 The Westward Expansion of English.4.5 The Present and Future State of American English.4.6 Further Reading.5 Regional Dialects.5.1 Eliciting Regional Dialect Forms.5.2 Mapping Regional Variants.5.3 The Distribution of Dialect Forms.5.4 Dialect Diffusion.5.5 Perceptual Dialectology.5.6 Region and Place.5.7 Further Reading.6 Social and Ethnic Dialects.6.1 Defining Class.6.2 Beyond Social Class.6.3 The Patterning of Social Differences in Language.6.4 Linguistic Constraints on Variability.6.5 The Social Evaluation of Linguistic Features.6.6 Social Class and Language Change.6.7 Ethnicity.6.8 Latino English.6.8.1. Chicano English.6.8.2 The range of Latino English.6.9 Cajun English.6.10 Lumbee English.6.11 Further Reading.7 African American English.7.1 The Status of European American and African American Vernaculars.7.2 The Origin and Early Development of AAE.7.3 The Contemporary Development of AAE.7.4 Conclusion.7.5 Further Reading.8 Gender and Language Variation (Was Chapter 7 in first edn).8.1 Gender-Based Patterns of Variation as Reported in Dialect Surveys.8.2 Explaining General Patterns.8.3 Localized Expressions of Gender Relations.8.4 Communities of Practice: Linking the Local and the Global.8.5 Language-Use-based Approaches: The "Female Deficit" Approach.8.6 The "Cultural Difference" Approach.8.7 The "Dominance" Approach.8.8 Further Implications.8.9 Talking About Men and Women.8.9.1 Generic he and man.8.9.2 Family names and addresses.8.9.3 Relationships of association.8.9.4 Labeling.8.10 The Question of Language Reform.8.11 Further Reading.9 Dialects and Style (Was Chapter 8 in first edn).9.1 Types of Style Shifting.9.2 Attention to Speech.9.2.1 The Patterning of Stylistic Variation across Social Groups.9.2.2 Limitations of the Attention to Speech Approach.9.3 Audience Design.9.3.1 The Effects of Audience on Speech Style.9.3.2 Limitations of the Audience Design Approach.9.3.3 Newer Approaches to Audience Design.9.4 Speaker Design Approaches.9.5 Further Considerations.9.6 Further Reading.10 On the Applications of Dialect Study.10.1 Applied Dialectology.10.2 Dialects and Testing.10.2.1 Language achievement.10.2.2 Speech and language development tests.10.2.3 Predicting dialect interference.10.3 Testing Language.10.3.1 Using language to access information.10.3.2 The testing situation.10.3.3 The language diagnostician.10.4 Teaching Standard English.10.4.1 What standard?.10.4.2 Approaches to standard English.10.4.3 Can Standard English be taught?.10.5 Further Reading.11 Dialect Awareness: Extending Applications.11.1 Dialects and Reading.11.1.1 Dialect readers.11.2 Dialect Influence in Written Language.11.3 Written Dialect.11.4 Proactive Dialect Awareness Programs.11.5 A Curriculum on Dialects.11.6 Community-based Dialect Awareness Programs.11.7 Scrutinizing Community Partnerships.11.8 Further Reading.Appendix: An Inventory of Socially Diagnostic Structures.Glossary.References.Index.