Scientific Opinion on the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA)
Scientific Opinion on the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA)
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DOI：
10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2815
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发表时间：
2012-07-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
Verhagen, Hans
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Agostoni, Carlo;Bresson, Jean-Louis;Verhagen, Hans
应欧盟委员会的要求，膳食产品、营养和过敏症小组被要求就n-3 LCPUFA二十碳五烯酸（EPA）、二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）和二十二碳五烯酸（DPA）的可耐受上限摄入量（UL）提供科学意见。现有数据不足以确定任何人群中n-3 LCPUFA（单独或合并）的UL。在观察到的摄入量水平下，n-3 LCPUFA的摄入量与健康儿童或成人的不良反应无关。如果n-3 LCPUFA的氧化稳定性得到保证，EPA和DHA的长期补充摄入量高达约5 g/天似乎不会增加自发性出血发作或出血并发症的风险，也不会影响葡萄糖稳态免疫功能或脂质过氧化。以2-6 g/天的剂量补充摄入EPA和DHA组合，以及以2-4 g/天的剂量补充摄入DHA，诱导LDL-胆固醇浓度增加约3%，这可能对心血管疾病风险没有不利影响，而剂量高达4 g/天的EPA对LDL胆固醇没有显著影响。补充摄入EPA和DHA的组合剂量高达5克/天，补充摄入EPA单独高达1.8克/天，不会引起成人的安全问题。根据欧洲成年人心血管风险的考虑，EPA和DHA的饮食建议为250至500毫克/天。仅补充摄入高达约1 g/天的DHA不会引起一般人群的安全性问题。单独使用DPA时，没有数据可供使用。在大多数人类研究中，鱼油也含有通常未知（但相对较低）量的DPA，是EPA和DHA的来源。(C)欧洲食品安全局，2012年。
Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) of the n-3 LCPUFAs eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA). Available data are insufficient to establish a UL for n-3 LCPUFA (individually or combined) for any population group. At observed intake levels, consumption of n-3 LCPUFA has not been associated with adverse effects in healthy children or adults. Long-term supplemental intakes of EPA and DHA combined up to about 5 g/day do not appear to increase the risk of spontaneous bleeding episodes or bleeding complications, or affect glucose homeostasis immune function or lipid peroxidation, provided the oxidative stability of the n-3 LCPUFAs is guaranteed. Supplemental intakes of EPA and DHA combined at doses of 2-6 g/day, and of DHA at doses of 2-4 g/day, induce an increase in LDL-cholesterol concentrations of about 3 % which may not have an adverse effect on cardiovascular disease risk, whereas EPA at doses up to 4 g/day has no significant effect on LDL cholesterol. Supplemental intakes of EPA and DHA combined at doses up to 5 g/day, and supplemental intakes of EPA alone up to 1.8 g/day, do not raise safety concerns for adults. Dietary recommendations for EPA and DHA based on cardiovascular risk considerations for European adults are between 250 and 500 mg/day. Supplemental intakes of DHA alone up to about 1 g/day do not raise safety concerns for the general population. No data are available for DPA when consumed alone. In the majority of the human studies considered, fish oils, also containing DPA in generally unknown (but relatively low) amounts, were the source of EPA and DHA. (C) European Food Safety Authority, 2012.