Spread of parasites transported with their hosts: case study of two species of cattle tick.
Spread of parasites transported with their hosts: case study of two species of cattle tick.
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随宿主传播的寄生虫的传播：两种牛蜱的案例研究。
DOI：
10.20506/rst.29.1.1969
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发表时间：
2010
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
G. Uilenberg
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
N. Barré;G. Uilenberg
像所有的寄生虫一样，蜱虫可以很容易地随着它们的宿主传播。蜱虫是脊椎动物的专性寄生虫，它们附着在脊椎动物身上的时间不同，并且很好地适应了这种运输方式。一旦运输阶段完成，它们在目的地分离，它们也能够等待几个月的新宿主的到来，它们将继续它们的生命周期。这导致了二级蜱虫种群的建立。两种热带牛蜱，微型鼻头蜱和变种羊蜱，已经完善了这种殖民化和占领有利地区的策略。起源于南亚和东南亚的微型鼻头虫（Rhipicephalus microplus）对有蹄类动物具有高度特异性，由于牛的迁徙，它已经传播到整个热带地区，除了最偏远的地区。在大西洋三角贸易时期，原产于非洲的异角蛇被运往马达加斯加、马斯克林群岛以及西印度群岛。这两种蜱虫是特别严重的牛疾病的传播媒介：在小白蛉中为巴贝斯虫病和无形体病，在变异白蛉中为心水病（牛瘟病）。预期的气候变化可能会改变这两种寄生虫和许多其他寄生虫的潜在地理范围。即使到现在，在美洲、亚洲和大洋洲仍有许多地区，变种南蝽尚未蔓延，但它们会发现这些地区对变种南蝽有利。它不仅可以通过牛的运输传播，还可以通过其他宿主（如鸟类）的迁徙传播。要在这些寄生虫首次出现时识别它们，并迅速控制新的疫情，就需要监测和专门知识。应努力提高畜牧专业人员对运输牛的风险的认识。应实施法规并采取预防措施，以避免这种人为扩大蜱虫的范围及其传播的疾病。
Like all parasites, ticks can be spread easily along with their hosts. Ticks are obligate parasites of vertebrates, to which they attach themselves for varying periods of time, and are well-adapted to this mode of transport. Once the transport stage is complete and they have detached at destination, they are also able to wait several months for the arrival of a new host on which they will continue their life cycle. This leads to the establishment of a secondary tick population. Two tropical cattle tick species, Rhipicephalus microplus and Amblyomma variegatum, have perfected this strategy of colonisation and occupation of favourable zones. Rhipicephalus microplus, which originated from South and Southeast Asia, is highly specific for ungulates, and thanks to cattle movements it has spread throughout the tropical belt, apart from the remotest areas. Amblyomma variegatum, which originated in Africa, was transported to Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands, as well as to the West Indies, during the time of the Atlantic triangular trade. These two ticks are vectors of particularly serious cattle diseases: babesiosis and anaplasmosis in the case of R. microplus, and heartwater (cowdriosis) in the case of A. variegatum. Anticipated climate changes are likely to modify the potential geographical range of these two parasite species and numerous others. Even now there are still many areas of the Americas, Asia and Oceania into which A. variegatum has not yet spread, but which it would find favourable. It could be spread not only by the transport of cattle, but also by the migration of some of its other hosts, such as birds. Surveillance--and know-how--is needed to identify these parasites when they first appear and to rapidly contain new outbreaks. Efforts should be made to raise the awareness of livestock professionals about the risks of transporting cattle. Regulations should be implemented and precautions taken to avoid such artificial expansion of the range of ticks and the diseases they transmit.