THE LANGUAGE BIOPROGRAM HYPOTHESIS
THE LANGUAGE BIOPROGRAM HYPOTHESIS
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DOI：
10.1017/s0140525x00044149
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发表时间：
1984-01-01
影响因子：
29.3
通讯作者：
BICKERTON, D
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
BICKERTON, D
据推测，克里奥尔语言主要是由儿童发明的，并显示出基本的相似之处，这些相似之处源于语言的生物学程序。对比了夏威夷洋泾渭语和夏威夷克里奥尔语的结构，并提供了证据表明后者是由前者在一代人中派生出来的。克里奥尔语形成过程的一个现实模型表明，几个特定的历史和人口因素如何相互作用，在不同程度上限制说洋泾宾语的人接触主流语言，从而限制这些人的子女接受输入的性质。结果表明，克里奥尔语语言的相似性源于单一的语法和有限的范畴和运算列表。然而，个别克里奥尔人的语法会在不同程度上与这种语法不同：差异的程度将与主导语言输入的数量密切相关，而主导语言输入的数量又受到非语言因素的控制。对上述现象的另一种解释进行了综述，特别是底物理论和一元论：两者都不足以解释事实。初级习得是根据一般假设来考察的，并认为生物程序提供了一个语言的骨架模型，然后儿童可以很容易地将其转化为目标语言。系统性错误和早熟学习的案例间接支持了这一假说。一些猜测是关于生物程序的进化起源，以及对克里奥尔人和相关主题的研究可能揭示出关于语言起源的什么。
It is hypothesized that creole languages are largely invented by children and show fundamental similarities, which derive from a biological program for language. The structures of Hawaiian Pidgin and Hawaiian Creole are contrasted, and evidence is provided to show that the latter derived from the former in a single generation. A realistic model of the processes of Creole formation shows how several specific historical and demographic factors interacted to restrict, in varying degrees, the access of pidgin speakers to the dominant language, and hence the nature of input to the children of those speakers. It is shown that the resulting similarities of Creole languages derive from a single grammar with a restricted list of categories and operations. However, grammars of individual Creoles will differ from this grammar to a varying extent: The degree of difference will correlate very closely with the quantity of dominant-language input, which in turn is controlled by extralinguistic factors. Alternative explanations of the above phenomena are surveyed, in particular, substratum theory and monogenesis: Both are found inadequate to account for the facts. Primary acquisition is examined in light of the general hypothesis, and it is suggested that the bioprogram provides a skeletal model of language which the child can then readily convert into the target language. Cases of systematic error and precocious learning provide indirect support for the hypothesis. Some conjectures are made concerning the evolutionary origins of the bioprogram and what study of Creoles and related topics might reveal about language origins.