Concurrent evolution of organic and mineral components during initial soil development after retreat of the Damma glacier, Switzerland
Concurrent evolution of organic and mineral components during initial soil development after retreat of the Damma glacier, Switzerland
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瑞士达玛冰川退缩后最初土壤发育过程中有机和矿物成分的同时演化
DOI：
10.1016/j.geoderma.2011.04.006
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发表时间：
2011
期刊：
影响因子：
6.1
通讯作者：
Kögel-Knabner
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Dümig;Smittenberg;Kögel-Knabner
对达玛冰川（瑞士）的前陆进行了调查，以评估随着无冰期（约 15 年、60-70 年、71-80 年和 110-140 年）的增加，矿质土壤和有机表层中有机碳 (OC) 储量的积累情况。冰期以外的成熟土壤（土壤年龄 > 700 年）可作为高级土壤发育的参考。所有土壤按表面年龄一式三份采样，以估计土壤形成的变异性。应用不同的选择性溶解方法来量化铁和铝库在初始成土过程中对土壤有机碳（SOC）稳定的作用。使用固态 CPMAS13C NMR 光谱法对有机质的化学成分进行了表征。在冰川前陆发现了轻土土和热土土，这些土体表现出高度的发展变化，从形态上未发育到在 70 年内形成 Ah 地平线的土壤。根据过去的冰川运动，这些不同的土壤发育阶段在同一表面年龄内以小规模存在。相似年龄的土壤之间的粒径分布有所不同，并且没有时间趋势。这些结果表明不同的冰川沉积和随后的冰川河流侵蚀（通过埋藏的有机表层表明）对土壤形成的强烈影响。总的来说，我们发现随着土壤年龄的增加，矿质土壤（7.1 g m−2year−1）和有机表层中的有机碳快速积累。同样，结晶不良的铁氧化物和铝相的数量增加，反映出 SOC 稳定潜力的不断增长。 SOC 储量与草酸盐可溶性铁和铝储量之间的密切关系表明了这一点。与数量的急剧增加相反，在最初的成土作用过程中，仅检测到有机质以及铁和铝库的组成发生微小变化。 Fe氧化物和无机Al相主要保持结晶不良。我们的结果表明，在最初的土壤形成过程中，SOC 和低结晶性铁氧化物和铝相同时演化，并具有正反馈机制。在瑞士高山环境中，富含二氧化硅的母质土壤在至少 700 年内发育为甘比土，这一点可以从冰期以外地区发现的参考土壤中得到证明。由于一些铁和铝向下迁移，它们显示出弱灰化作用的迹象。前陆土壤和甘比土之间的比较表明，SOC 和成土铁和铝的积累率降低。这表明土壤形成过程在几百年后已经减慢，或者铁和铝的积累在更深的土壤中逐渐发生。
The foreland of the Damma glacier (Switzerland) was investigated to assess the build-up of organic carbon (OC) stocks in mineral soils and organic surface layers with increasing ice-free period (ca. 15, 60–70, 71–80 and 110–140 years). Mature soils outside the proglacial area (soil ages > 700 years) served as reference for advanced soil development. All soils were sampled in triplicate per surface age to estimate the variability of soil formation. Different selective dissolution methods were applied to quantify Fe and Al pools with respect to their role for soil organic carbon (SOC) stabilization during initial pedogenesis. The chemical composition of organic matter was characterized by using solid-state CPMAS13C NMR spectroscopy.Leptosols and Regosols were found in the glacier foreland which showed a high variability of development ranging from morphologically undeveloped to soils forming Ah horizons within 70 years. These different stages of soil development were present at a small scale within the same surface age according to past glacier movements. Particle-size distribution varied between soils of similar age and without chronological trend. These results point to the strong impact of different glacial deposition and subsequent glaciofluvial erosion, which was indicated by buried organic surface layers, on soil formation.In general, we found a rapid accumulation of OC in the mineral soils (7.1 g m−2year−1) and organic surface layers with increasing soil age. Similarly, the amount of poorly crystalline Fe oxides and Al phases increased reflecting the growing potential for SOC stabilization. This was indicated by the strong relationship between SOC stocks and stocks of oxalate soluble Fe and Al. In contrast to strongly increasing quantities, only small changes in the composition of organic matter as well as Fe and Al pools were detected during initial pedogenesis. Fe oxides and inorganic Al phases mainly remained poorly crystalline. Our results point to the concurrent evolution of SOC and poorly crystalline Fe oxides and Al phases with positive feedback mechanisms during initial soil formation.In the Swiss Alpine environment, soil development on silica rich parent material proceeds to Cambisols within at least 700 years as evidenced by the reference soils found outside the proglacial area. They showed indications of weak podzolization as some Fe and Al were translocated downwards.The comparison between the foreland soils and the Cambisols showed decreasing accumulation rates of SOC and pedogenic Fe and Al. This indicates that soil formation processes slow down already after some hundred years or accumulation of Fe and Al increasingly occurs at greater soil depth.
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