ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS OF AQUARIUM-FISH COLLECTION IN THE MALDIVES, WITH PROPOSALS FOR REGULATION
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS OF AQUARIUM-FISH COLLECTION IN THE MALDIVES, WITH PROPOSALS FOR REGULATION
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DOI：
10.1017/s0376892900030265
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发表时间：
1992-03-01
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
SHEPHERD, AD
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
EDWARDS, AJ;SHEPHERD, AD
马尔代夫的观赏鱼出口始于1980年，1989年出口了近54 000种海鱼，价值约130 000美元。水族馆物种的收集仅限于首都马累周围相对较小的区域。通过检查马尔代夫海关持有的包装清单，获得了95种物种的年度出口估计数。与此同时，约70种水族鱼类的种群密度估计视觉评估。通过一些假设，潜在的对其中65个物种的（最大可持续）产量进行了估计，这些物种的出口数据是在13公里半径范围内的区域（530平方公里）（当地船只一小时的行程）。对于27个物种，有一些理由担心开发水平，尽管在1986年（最高开发年份），这些物种中只有12个似乎处于“危险之中”。如果在估计潜在可持续产量时所作的假设是正确的，那么这12种观赏鱼正被过度开发或开发到接近最大可持续产量的水平。如果贸易扩大三倍，另外12个物种被认为可能面临过度开发的风险。本文报道了两种蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon meyeri和C.三角珊瑚虫专门以珊瑚虫为食，通常在短期内就会在圈养中死亡，目前正在大量出口。两种小丑鱼（双锯鱼属）它们的宿主海葵也被大量利用由于这些鱼类与它们的海葵家园之间的共生关系，这一群体可能特别容易受到过度开发的影响。由于每年有成千上万的这一物种个体被出口，这可能对珊瑚造成相当大的附带损害。虽然开发水平的'清洁濑鱼'（Labroides bicolor和L。目前还不清楚在严重开发的地区，珊瑚礁鱼类的健康是否会受到当地的不利影响。监测和管理水族馆鱼类贸易的问题进行了讨论，以及参与贸易的人需要收集渔获统计数据。强调了管制收集技术、设施标准和出口鱼的令人满意的包装的重要性。如果要对可持续产量作出更准确的估计，就需要在已知开发程度的指定采集区监测主要的水族鱼类种群。在获得这种估计数之前，马尔代夫在估计产量和确定基于物种的配额方面所采取的谨慎做法有望防止当地的过度开发。
Export of aquarium-fish from the Maldives began in 1980 and in 1989 almost 54,000 marine fishes, worth approximately US$ 130,000, were exported. The collection of aquarium species is confined to a relatively small area around the capital island, Male. Estimates of annual exports of 95 species were obtained by examining packing-lists held by Maldivian Customs. In parallel, the population densities of about 70 aquarium-fish species were estimated by visual assessment. Using a number of assumptions, potential (maximum sustainable) yields for 65 of these species - those for which export data were available - were estimated for the area (530 km2) within a 13-km radius (one hour's journey by local boat) of Male.For 27 species there were some reasons for concern about the levels of exploitation, although only 12 of these species appeared to be 'at risk' in 1986 (the year of highest exploitation). If the assumptions made in estimating potential sustainable yields were valid, these 12 aquarium-fish species were being overexploited or exploited at levels close to maximum sustainable yields. Should the trade expand threefold, a further 12 species are considered to be potentially at risk of overexploitation. Two species of butterflyfish, Chaetodon meyeri and C. triangulum, which feed exclusively on coral polyps and generally die in captivity after a short time, were being exported in significant numbers. Both clownfishes (Amphiprion spp.) and their host sea-anemones were being heavily exploited. Because of the symbiotic relationship between these fishes and their anemone homes, this group may be particularly susceptible to overexploitation.Damage to branching corals may result from the collection of specimens of Dascyllus aruanus, which shelter within them. With many thousands of individuals of this species being exported each year, this could represent considerable collateral coral damage. Although levels of exploitation of 'cleaner wrasses' (Labroides bicolor and L. dimidiatus) appear well below potentially sustainable ones, it is unclear whether the health of reef fishes might locally be adversely affected in heavily exploited areas.Monitoring and regulation of the aquarium-fish trade is discussed, together with the need for collection of catch statistics by those involved in the trade. The importance of regulation of collection techniques, of standards of facilities, and of satisfactory packaging of fish for export, is stressed. If more accurate estimates of sustainable yields are to be obtained, there needs to be monitoring of populations of key aquarium-fish species in designated collecting areas where exploitation levels are known. Until such estimates become available, the cautious approach adopted in the Maldives to estimate yields and set species-based quotas will, it is hoped, prevent local overexploitation.