Gene regulatory networks and cell lineages that underlie the formation of skeletal muscle
Gene regulatory networks and cell lineages that underlie the formation of skeletal muscle
复制标题
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1610605114
复制
发表时间：
2017-06-06
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Buckingham, Margaret
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Buckingham, Margaret
脊椎动物的骨骼肌是通过两条主要途径形成的，如小鼠胚胎所示。体节产生肌原祖细胞，形成躯干和四肢的所有肌肉。这些细胞的行为及其进入肌原性程序是由基因调控网络控制的，其中配对盒基因3（Pax 3）起着主导作用。头部和部分颈部肌肉不是由体节发育而来，而是主要由咽部的中胚层发育而来。进入肌生成程序也取决于肌生成决定因子（MyoD）家族的基因，但Pax 3在这些肌生成祖细胞中不表达，其中不同的基因调控网络发挥作用，T-box因子1（Tbx 1）和配对样同源结构域因子2（Pitx 2）作为关键上游基因。这些肌肉形成的调控基因也是心脏发生的重要参与者，在第二心脏区域表达，这是心肌和咽弓中胚层的主要来源，咽弓中胚层产生骨骼肌。这两种类型的横纹肌来自共同的祖细胞的证据来自克隆分析，该分析已经建立了部分心肌和不同头颈部肌肉的谱系树。脊椎动物骨骼肌的两条途径的进化保护延伸到脊索动物，头索动物文昌鱼的躯干肌肉和尾索动物海鞘中来自心咽中胚层的肌肉，其中相关的基因调控网络决定心脏或骨骼肌细胞的命运。总之，埃里克·戴维森对我们理解基因调控网络及其进化的有远见的贡献是公认的。
Skeletal muscle in vertebrates is formed by two major routes, as illustrated by the mouse embryo. Somites give rise to myogenic progenitors that form all of the muscles of the trunk and limbs. The behavior of these cells and their entry into the myogenic program is controlled by gene regulatory networks, where paired box gene 3 (Pax3) plays a predominant role. Head and some neck muscles do not derive from somites, but mainly form from mesoderm in the pharyngeal region. Entry into the myogenic program also depends on the myogenic determination factor (MyoD) family of genes, but Pax3 is not expressed in these myogenic progenitors, where different gene regulatory networks function, with T-box factor 1 (Tbx1) and paired-like homeodomain factor 2 (Pitx2) as key upstream genes. The regulatory genes that underlie the formation of these muscles are also important players in cardiogenesis, expressed in the second heart field, which is a major source of myocardium and of the pharyngeal arch mesoderm that gives rise to skeletal muscles. The demonstration that both types of striated muscle derive from common progenitors comes from clonal analyses that have established a lineage tree for parts of the myocardium and different head and neck muscles. Evolutionary conservation of the two routes to skeletal muscle in vertebrates extends to chordates, to trunk muscles in the cephlochordate Amphioxus and to muscles derived from cardiopharyngeal mesoderm in the urochordate Ciona, where a related gene regulatory network determines cardiac or skeletal muscle cell fates. In conclusion, Eric Davidson's visionary contribution to our understanding of gene regulatory networks and their evolution is acknowledged.