Changes of the Cultivation Norhtern Limit for Horqin Region in the Qing Dynasty
Changes of the Cultivation Norhtern Limit for Horqin Region in the Qing Dynasty
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发表时间：
2001
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通讯作者：
W. Tu
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作者：
W. Tu
通过分析清代对内蒙古土地的政策及其对耕作的影响以及科尔沁地区建制体系的时空特征，重构了清代不同时期科尔沁地区的耕作北界。分析表明，清代科尔沁地区的耕种北限明显北跃两次。 （一）清初，耕作仍局限于辽河下游，“柳边墙”成为农牧业的明显分界线。 (2)第一次跨越开垦北界发生在18世纪末至20世纪初，即“上表开垦内蒙古”时期。北界由“柳条边墙”向北移至长春市、四平市——南部的奥亨县、翁牛特县。科尔沁东部和南部平原地区由此转变为以畜牧业为主的农牧业过渡区。 (3)第二次耕作北限的跨越发生在清末约十年间。当时，清朝采取了一系列政策，将大量人口从内地迁往内蒙古耕种。其结果是种植范围延伸至内蒙古腹地。栽培区向北推进至洮尔河流域下游和西辽河两岸。种植北界从大庆市延伸至白城市西部、通辽市北部、开鲁县至临西县。从清代科尔沁地区耕种北界的变化来看，清朝对内蒙古土地的政策主导了北界变化的方向和幅度。这些政策不仅控制了农业人口的数量，而且影响了内蒙古农业发展的速度和规模，具体表现为移民组织机构的出现和扩大。总之，清朝对内蒙古的政策是科尔沁地区耕种北界变化的主要推动力，是近代农牧业过渡带形成的重要人文维度因素。
Based on the analysis of the Qing Dynasty polices towards the Inner Mongolian lands and its impacts on the cultivation, and the spatial temporal characteristics of the organizational system in Horqin region, the cultivation northern limits of Horqin region within different stages in the Qing Dynasty are reconstructed. Analysis indicates that the cultivation northern limit jumped northward twice remarkably in Horqin region in the Qing Dynasty. (1) During the early Qing Dynasty, cultivation still confined in the lower reaches of the Liaohe River, and the "Wicker Frontier Wall" became obviously dividing line between agriculture and animal husbandry. (2) The first leaping of cultivation northern limit occurred within the period from the late 18th Century to the early 20th Century, namely, the period of "Presenting memorial to the Emperor for Cultivation the Inner Mongolian Lands". The northern limit moved northward from the "Wicker Frontier Wall" to Changchun City, Siping City-the southern Aohen and Ongniut counties. As a result, the plain regions of the eastern and southern Horqin region transferred to the transition zone between agriculture and animal husbandry with the animal husbandry as the dominant style. (3) The second leaping of cultivation northern limit happened within approximately decade at the end of the Qing Dynasty. At that time, the Qing Dynasty adopted series of policies by which quantities of population migrated from inland to Inner Mongolia to cultivation. The result was that the cultivation range extended to the hinterland of the Inner Mongolian lands. The cultivation region pushed northward to the lower reaches of the Taoerhe River Valley and both banks of the West Liaohe River. And the cultivation northern limit extended from the Daqing City, across western Baicheng City, northern Tongliao City and Kailu County to Linxi County. Seen from the changes of cultivation northern limit of Horqin region in the Qing Dynasty, it can be concluded that the Qing Dynasty policies towards the Inner Mongolian lands had dominated the direction and amplitude of the change of the northern limit. These policies not only controlled the amount of agricultural population, but also influenced the speed and scale of the agricultural development in the Inner Mongolia, which demonstrated as the appearance and enlargement of migration organizational agencies. In a word, the Qing Dynasty policies concerning the Inner Mongolia were the major driving force for the changes of cultivation northern limit in Horqin region, and were the important human dimensional factor for the formation of modern transition zone between agriculture and animal husbandry.