Boo-boos as the building blocks of pain expression: An observational examination of parental responses to everyday pain in toddlers.
Boo-boos as the building blocks of pain expression: An observational examination of parental responses to everyday pain in toddlers.
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DOI：
10.1080/24740527.2018.1442677
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发表时间：
2018
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Von Baeyer CL
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Noel M;Chambers CT;Parker JA;Aubrey K;Tutelman PR;Morrongiello B;Moore C;McGrath PJ;Yanchar NL;Von Baeyer CL
日常疼痛经历（轻微的碰撞/擦伤）在幼儿期很常见，并为疼痛行为的社会化创造了频繁的机会。然而，在幼儿形成期的日常疼痛在很大程度上被忽视了。本研究的目的是描述幼儿日常疼痛经历的频率和性质，儿童和父母的反应，以及儿童特征（年龄，性别，气质）和反应之间的关系。52名12-32个月的儿童和他们的父母在室内游乐设施进行了观察。使用观察清单，训练有素的观察员记录儿童的日常疼痛事件和相关的儿童和父母的反应。总的来说，观察到101疼痛事件，其中大多数引起低水平的疼痛和痛苦，解决后1分钟。疼痛事件发生率为1.02事件/儿童/小时，81%的儿童经历至少一次事件，这是高于以前的研究与学龄前儿童和日托工作人员。常见的父母反应包括一系列言语（保证）和非言语（靠近、拥抱/亲吻孩子）行为。男孩更有可能不表现出任何保护行为。父母更有可能选择年龄较大的幼儿。未来的研究应该检查自我报告和观察到的父母在日常和临床环境中对儿童疼痛的反应之间的联系。
Everyday pain experiences (minor bumps/scrapes) are common in early childhood and create frequent opportunities for socialization of pain behaviors. Nevertheless, everyday pain during the formative toddler period has been largely overlooked. The aim of the current study was to describe the frequency and nature of toddlers’ everyday pain experiences, child and parent responses, and the relationship between child characteristics (age, sex, temperament) and responses. Fifty-two children aged 12–32 months and their parents were observed at an indoor play facility. Using an observational checklist, trained observers recorded children’s everyday pain incidents and associated child and parent responses. Overall, 101 pain incidents were observed, the majority of which evoked low levels of pain and distress, which resolved after 1 min. Pain incidents occurred at a rate of 1.02 incidents/child/hour, with 81% of children experiencing at least one incident, which is higher than previous research with preschoolers and daycare staff. Common parent responses included a range of verbal (reassurance) and nonverbal (staying closer, hugging/kissing child) behaviors. Boys were more likely to not exhibit any protective behaviors. Parents were more likely to pick up older toddlers. Future research should examine the link between self-reported and observed parent responses to child pain in everyday and clinical contexts.