Regional climate consequences of large-scale cool roof and photovoltaic array deployment
Regional climate consequences of large-scale cool roof and photovoltaic array deployment
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DOI：
10.1088/1748-9326/6/3/034001
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发表时间：
2011-07-01
影响因子：
6.7
通讯作者：
Menon, Surabi
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Millstein, Dev;Menon, Surabi
通过部署凉爽的屋顶和人行道(反射材料)和光伏阵列(低反射)来改变表面反照率，有可能改变辐射强迫、表面温度和区域天气模式。在这项工作中，我们研究了改变地表反照率以模拟美国各地大规模部署凉爽表面(屋顶和人行道)以及光伏阵列的区域气候和辐射效应。我们使用一个完全耦合的区域气候模式，天气研究和预报(WRF)模式，来研究地表反照率变化、地表温度、降水和平均云量之间的反馈。由于采用了凉爽的屋顶和人行道，全区年平均出射辐射增加了0.16+/-0.03W m(-2)(平均值+/-95%C.I.)城市地区下午的夏季气温下降了0.11-0.53摄氏度，尽管一些城市地区的气温没有统计上的显著变化。为了应对城市反照率的增加，一些农村地区的夏季下午气温上升了高达+0.27摄氏度，这些地区与云量减少和降雨量减少有关。通过这种出射辐射的增加所获得的排放补偿被计算为3.3+/-0.5GT CO(2)(平均值+/-95%C.I.)。假想的太阳能电池板设计为能够产生1太瓦的峰值能量，位于加利福尼亚州的莫哈韦沙漠。为了模拟太阳能电池板，沙漠表面的反照率被变暗，导致当地下午的温度上升高达+0.4摄氏度。由于太阳能电池板，300公里半径内的当地和地区风场受到影响。由于太阳能电池板的引入，可以在整个领域内看到温度和辐射在统计上意义重大但幅度较小的变化。由于整个大陆的年际变化掩盖了更一致的局部强迫，增加了光伏阵列并没有对整个区域平均的夏季出射辐射造成重大变化。
Modifications to the surface albedo through the deployment of cool roofs and pavements (reflective materials) and photovoltaic arrays (low reflection) have the potential to change radiative forcing, surface temperatures, and regional weather patterns. In this work we investigate the regional climate and radiative effects of modifying surface albedo to mimic massive deployment of cool surfaces (roofs and pavements) and, separately, photovoltaic arrays across the United States. We use a fully coupled regional climate model, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, to investigate feedbacks between surface albedo changes, surface temperature, precipitation and average cloud cover. With the adoption of cool roofs and pavements, domain-wide annual average outgoing radiation increased by 0.16 +/- 0.03 W m(-2) (mean +/- 95% C.I.) and afternoon summertime temperature in urban locations was reduced by 0.11-0.53 degrees C, although some urban areas showed no statistically significant temperature changes. In response to increased urban albedo, some rural locations showed summer afternoon temperature increases of up to +0.27 degrees C and these regions were correlated with less cloud cover and lower precipitation. The emissions offset obtained by this increase in outgoing radiation is calculated to be 3.3 +/- 0.5 Gt CO(2) (mean +/- 95% C.I.). The hypothetical solar arrays were designed to be able to produce one terawatt of peak energy and were located in the Mojave Desert of California. To simulate the arrays, the desert surface albedo was darkened, causing local afternoon temperature increases of up to +0.4 degrees C. Due to the solar arrays, local and regional wind patterns within a 300 km radius were affected. Statistically significant but lower magnitude changes to temperature and radiation could be seen across the domain due to the introduction of the solar arrays. The addition of photovoltaic arrays caused no significant change to summertime outgoing radiation when averaged over the full domain, as interannual variation across the continent obscured more consistent local forcing.