Blast-Induced Biomechanical Loading of the Rat: An Experimental and Anatomically Accurate Computational Blast Injury Model
Blast-Induced Biomechanical Loading of the Rat: An Experimental and Anatomically Accurate Computational Blast Injury Model
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DOI：
10.1089/neu.2012.2413
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发表时间：
2012-09-01
影响因子：
4.2
通讯作者：
Chandra, Namas
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Sundaramurthy, Aravind;Alai, Aaron;Chandra, Namas
简易爆炸装置（IED）产生的冲击波会导致士兵和平民的创伤性脑损伤（TBI）。使用激波管的体内动物模型在实验室中被广泛用于模拟现场条件，以识别损伤机制，并开发损伤阈值。在这篇文章中，我们将大鼠放置在沿激波管长度沿着的不同位置（即，内、外和出口附近），以检查动物放置位置（APL）在动物所经历的生物力学负荷中的作用。我们发现，生物力学负荷的大脑和内部器官在胸腔（肺和心脏）的变化显着取决于APL。当标本被放置在外面时，胸腔中的器官在更长的时间内经历更高的压力，与冲击管内的APL相反。这反过来可能会改变损伤类型、严重程度和致命性。我们发现，最佳的APL是弗里德兰德波形是第一次在激波管内形成。一旦确定了最佳APL，就测量和分析入射爆炸强度对表面和颅内压的影响。值得注意的是，表面和颅内压随入射峰值超压线性增加，尽管表面压力明显高于其他两个。此外，我们开发并验证了大鼠头部的解剖学上精确的有限元模型。通过这个模型，我们确定了压力传递到大脑的主要途径是通过头骨，而不是通过鼻子;然而，鼻子在向头骨衍射入射冲击波方面起着次要作用。
Blast waves generated by improvised explosive devices (IEDs) cause traumatic brain injury (TBI) in soldiers and civilians. In vivo animal models that use shock tubes are extensively used in laboratories to simulate field conditions, to identify mechanisms of injury, and to develop injury thresholds. In this article, we place rats in different locations along the length of the shock tube (i.e., inside, outside, and near the exit), to examine the role of animal placement location (APL) in the biomechanical load experienced by the animal. We found that the biomechanical load on the brain and internal organs in the thoracic cavity (lungs and heart) varied significantly depending on the APL. When the specimen is positioned outside, organs in the thoracic cavity experience a higher pressure for a longer duration, in contrast to APL inside the shock tube. This in turn will possibly alter the injury type, severity, and lethality. We found that the optimal APL is where the Friedlander waveform is first formed inside the shock tube. Once the optimal APL was determined, the effect of the incident blast intensity on the surface and intracranial pressure was measured and analyzed. Noticeably, surface and intracranial pressure increases linearly with the incident peak overpressures, though surface pressures are significantly higher than the other two. Further, we developed and validated an anatomically accurate finite element model of the rat head. With this model, we determined that the main pathway of pressure transmission to the brain was through the skull and not through the snout; however, the snout plays a secondary role in diffracting the incoming blast wave towards the skull.