The Effect of Aging and Priming on Same/Different Judgments Between Text and Partially Masked Speech.
The Effect of Aging and Priming on Same/Different Judgments Between Text and Partially Masked Speech.
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DOI：
10.1097/aud.0000000000000450
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发表时间：
2017
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Helfer KS
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Freyman RL;Terpening J;Costanzi AC;Helfer KS
从先前的研究中众所周知，当听众被告知他们将要听到的是什么时，在呈现降级或部分掩蔽的听觉信号之前，语音信号从背景中“弹出”并且变得相当容易理解。本研究的目的是探索这种启动效应在老年人中是否与年轻人一样强。五十六名成年人（28岁以上，28岁以下）在五个信噪比下，在两个说话者的语音掩蔽器（也是女性）或一个波动的语音噪声掩蔽器的存在下，听一个女性说话者说的“无意义”句子。就在听觉信号被呈现之前或之后，计算机屏幕上显示了一个键入的标题。标题句要么与听觉句相同，要么相差一个关键词。受试者的任务是判断字幕和听觉信息是相同还是不同。识别性能以d′报告。突出感知的强度是从字幕前呈现顺序所预期的性能改善中推断出来的。每组12名受试者在回答问题时做出了自信判断，并完成了几项认知测试。数据显示，两个主题组和两个面具，具有更好的相同-不同的区分性能的标题之前的条件比标题之后的条件有明显的顺序效应。然而，对于两个说话者的掩蔽，年轻的成年人获得了更大的和更一致的好处，从标题前的顺序比老年人在信噪比。特别是在信噪比较差的情况下，年龄较大的受试者几乎没有证据表明他们经历了弹出效应，这种效应被认为使辨别任务变得更容易。平均而言，年长的受试者似乎也以不同的方式完成任务，他们比年轻的受试者更不愿意报告标题和听觉句子是相同的。相关性分析表明，年龄和启动效益之间的显着负相关的两个谈话者掩蔽和非显着的关联，在这个掩蔽和高频听力损失或认知任务的性能之间的启动效益。先前的研究表明，与年轻人相比，老年人在利用语音识别中的上下文方面至少一样好，如果不是更好的话。目前的研究结果与这些发现并不矛盾，但表明，在某些条件下，可能有助于背景益处的自动启动过程在老年人中不如在年轻人中那么强。
It is well known from previous research that when listeners are told what they are about to hear before a degraded or partially masked auditory signal is presented, the speech signal “pops out” of the background and becomes considerably more intelligible. The goal of this research was to explore whether this priming effect is as strong in older adults as in younger adults. Fifty-six adults – 28 older and 28 younger – listened to “nonsense” sentences spoken by a female talker in the presence of a two-talker speech masker (also female) or a fluctuating speech-like noise masker at five signal-to-noise ratios. Just prior to, or just after, the auditory signal was presented, a typed caption was displayed on a computer screen. The caption sentence was either identical to the auditory sentence or differed by one key word. The subjects’ task was to decide whether the caption and auditory messages were the same or different. Discrimination performance was reported in d′. The strength of the pop-out perception was inferred from the improvement in performance that was expected from the caption-before order of presentation. A subset of 12 subjects from each group made confidence judgments as they gave their responses, and also completed several cognitive tests. Data showed a clear order effect for both subject groups and both maskers, with better same-different discrimination performance for the caption-before condition than the caption-after condition. However, for the two-talker masker, the younger adults obtained a larger and more consistent benefit from the caption-before order than the older adults across signal-to-noise ratios. Especially at the poorer signal-to-noise ratios, older subjects showed little evidence that they experienced the pop-out effect that is presumed to make the discrimination task easier. On average, older subjects also appeared to approach the task differently, being more reluctant than younger subjects to report that the captions and auditory sentences were same. Correlation analyses indicated a significant negative association between age and priming benefit in the two-talker masker and non-significant associations between priming benefit in this masker and either high-frequency hearing loss or performance on the cognitive tasks. Previous studies have shown that older adults are at least as good, if not better, at exploiting context in speech recognition, as compared to younger adults. The current results are not in disagreement with those findings but suggest that, under some conditions, the automatic priming process that may contribute to context benefits is not as strong in older as in younger adults.