Berbers and Arabs in the Maghreb and Europe, medieval era
Berbers and Arabs in the Maghreb and Europe, medieval era
复制标题
马格里布和欧洲的柏柏尔人和阿拉伯人，中世纪
DOI：
10.1002/9781444351071.wbeghm064
复制
发表时间：
2013
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Kordula Wolf
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Marco Di Branco;Kordula Wolf
移民往往伴随着穆斯林的入侵和扩张。这是一个经常发生的现象，不仅是在征服新领土之后，而且是后来许多军事行动或其他情况的结果。由于在现存的资料中，关于阿拉伯人和柏柏尔人生活中心长期转移的细节很少，因此关于中世纪马格里布和欧洲部分地区新定居者的数量、来源和停留时间的可靠信息很难找到，也很难估计。使这种情况更加严重的是，并非对一个地区的每一次占领都导致建立新的领导层，而新的领导层至少可以暂时为大规模的平民定居创造基本条件。此外，在被占领土上停留较长时间的穆斯林商人和奴隶的人数完全不确定。因此，本文着重于更大的穆斯林群体的迁移，特别是在新统治的第一阶段，并发展这些新定居点的一些主要原因和后果。在这种情况下，“阿拉伯人”和“柏柏尔人”的称谓用于不同族裔血统的穆斯林。但在无法精确区分的地方，则使用“穆斯林”这个通用术语，并附带条件，即它总是包括无法量化的非穆斯林人数，特别是在谈论军事力量时。在阿拉伯人和柏柏尔人统治的所有新领土上，未皈依的基督徒和犹太人都受到穆斯林的保护。由于有了穆斯林税（一种宗教人头税），他们不得不支付比（皈依的）穆斯林更高的税收负担。有关马格里布和欧洲部分地区穆斯林的主要中世纪阿拉伯语、希腊语和拉丁语资料收集于Amari 1933、Vasiliev（1935-68）、Lévi-Provençal（1950-53）、Talbi 1966、Laroui 1977和Abun-Nasr 1987。
Migrations often accompanied Muslim invasions and expansions. They were a frequent phenomenon not only immediately after the conquest of new territories, but also as a consequence of many later military campaigns or other circumstances. Since details about long‐term shifts in the centre of life of Arabs and Berbers in the surviving sources are rare, reliable information about the number, provenance, and duration of stay of new settlers in the Maghreb and parts of Europe during the Middle Ages is hard to find and difficult to estimate. This is aggravated by the fact that not every occupation of a region led to the establishment of a new leadership, which at least temporarily could create basic conditions for significant civilian settlement. In addition, the number of Muslim traders and slaves who stayed for longer periods in the occupied territories is completely uncertain. Therefore, this essay is focused on migrations of greater groups of Muslims, especially during the first phases of new dominations, and develops some major causes and consequences of these new settlements. In this context, the designations “Arab” and “Berber” are used for Muslims of different ethnic descent. But where this distinction cannot be made precisely, the general term “Muslim” is used, with the qualification that it always includes an unquantifiable number of non‐Muslims, especially when talking about military forces. In all new territories ruled by Arabs and Berbers, non‐converted Christian and Jewish populations fell under Muslim protection (ḏimma). With theǧizya(a type of religious poll tax) they had to pay a higher tax burden than (converted) Muslims. The main medieval Arabic, Greek, and Latin sources concerning Muslims in the Maghreb and parts of Europe are collected in Amari 1933, Vasiliev (1935–68), Lévi‐Provençal (1950–53), Talbi 1966, Laroui 1977, and Abun‐Nasr 1987.
DOI：
--
发表时间：
1990
期刊：
影响因子：
--
作者：
D. Abulafia
通讯作者：
D. Abulafia