What muscle variable(s) does the nervous system control in limb movements?
What muscle variable(s) does the nervous system control in limb movements?
复制标题
神经系统在肢体运动中控制哪些肌肉变量？
DOI：
--
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发表时间：
1982
影响因子：
29.3
通讯作者：
R. Stein
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
R. Stein
为了在广泛的行为条件下准确地控制力，中枢神经系统要么需要每个肌肉（以及每个肌肉所作用的负荷）状态的详细、持续更新的表示，要么需要具有足够增益的力反馈来应对肌肉和负荷特性的变化。具有足够增益的力反馈或适当的中心表示的证据不足以得出力是正常肢体运动的主要控制变量的结论。Morton的假设，即长度由后续伺服控制，在包含潜在伺服回路的反馈路径中存在许多与延迟、增益、可变性和特异性相关的困难。然而，实验证据表明，这些途径为α-和静态γ-运动神经元的共激活所产生的一些运动提供了伺服辅助。动态γ-运动神经元可能为不同类型运动的自适应控制提供额外的输入。反馈用于补偿肌肉僵硬变化的想法在静态姿势条件下得到了实验支持。然而，在一些循环运动中，反射倾向于增加而不是减少肌肉僵硬度的变化范围。还讨论了与刚度调节有关的理论问题。考虑了速度或粘度单独控制系统的可能性，但证据要么是否定的，要么是缺乏的。我的结论是，不同的物理变量可以根据所需的肢体运动类型来控制。刚度调节的概念在某些情况下也是有用的，但可能应该扩展到肌肉或关节的粘弹性特性（即机械阻抗）的调节。
Abstract To control force accurately under a wide range of behavioral conditions, the central nervous system would either require a detailed, continuously updated representation of the state of each muscle (and the load against which each is acting) or else force feedback with sufficient gain to cope with variations in the properties of the muscles and loads. The evidence for force feedback with adequate gain or for an appropriate central representation is not sufficient to conclude that force is the major controlled variable in normal limb movements. Morton's hypothesis, that length is controlled by a follow-up servo, has a number of difficulties related to the delays, gains, variability, and specificity in feedback pathways comprising potential servo loops. However, experimental evidence is consistent with these pathways providing servo assistance for some movements produced by coactivation of α- and static γ-motoneurons. Dynamic γ-motoneurons may provide an additional input for adaptive control of different types of movements. The idea that feedback is used to compensate for changes in muscle stiffness has received experimental support under static postural conditions. However, reflexes tend to increase rather than decrease the range of variation in muscle stiffness during some cyclic movements. Theoretical problems associated with the regulation of stiffness are also discussed. The possibilities of separate control systems for velocity or viscosity are considered, but the evidence is either negative or lacking. I conclude that different physical variables can be controlled depending on the type of limb movement required. The concept of stiffness regulation is also useful under some conditions, but should probably be extended to the regulation of the visco-elastic properties (i.e., the mechanical impedance) of a muscle or joint.
影响因子：
56.9
作者：
DELCOMYN, F
通讯作者：
DELCOMYN, F
狗肢体肌肉的电活动和相对长度变化作为速度和步态的函数。
DOI：
10.1242/jeb.94.1.15
发表时间：
1981
期刊：
The Journal of experimental biology
影响因子：
--
作者：
GoslowJr,GE;Seeherman,HJ;Taylor,CR;McCutchin,MN;Heglund,NC
通讯作者：
Heglund,NC
影响因子：
2.5
作者：
HOUK, JC;RYMER, WZ;CRAGO, PE
通讯作者：
CRAGO, PE