Spatial Modulation
Spatial Modulation
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DOI：
10.1007/978-3-319-78262-1_141
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发表时间：
2020
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
S. Sugiura
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
S. Sugiura
在过去的几十年里，移动系统已经成为用户执行日常任务的必需品。这导致了无线技术的快速发展，包括移动网络的第二代（2G）、第三代（3G）和第四代（4G），无处不在地传播移动电信服务（Seddigh et al. 2010）。最近发明的4G无线技术是为了提高宽带性能和播放多媒体节目。因此，它的架构和标准已经大大增强，以传输比2G和4G更高的数据速率。同时，长期演进（LTE）已经发展成为实现4G无线性能目标的有效技术之一（Shaik et al. 2015）。由于4G/LTE移动设备的高性能，预计到2018年底，LTE用户将达到约31.6亿（Statista 2018）。与早期的技术相比，4G/LTE无线网络提供了各种技术进步。首先，利用TCP/IP模型，4G/LTE移动系统可以完美地工作。事实上，这降低了财务和计算成本，因为便携式设备可以使用互联网协议（IP）连接到互联网，而不受以前封闭的蜂窝配置的任何限制。然而，由于TCP/IP模型中包含了多种通信协议，4G/LTE无线网络面临着多重安全和隐私问题（Seddigh et al. 2010; Shaik et al. 2015）。4G/LTE无线网络安全的关键问题可以概括为三个方面。首先，移动设备可以从任何位置灵活地访问互联网，因此容易受到各种高级持续性威胁（APT）的攻击。其次，虽然基于移动ip的系统定期更新加密和安全机制，但对其性能和流量处理能力有影响，这需要安全和升级的无线标准和架构。最后，尽管供应商正在生产新一代4G/LTE技术，但他们并没有定期开发新标准来缓解漏洞并阻止日益增长的网络APT （Seddigh等人，2010；Shaik等人，2015；Li等人，2018）。
Over the last few decades, mobile systems have become essential for users to perform their daily tasks. This has led to the rapid evolution of wireless technologies, including the second generation (2G), third generation (3G), and fourth generation (4G) for mobile networks, to ubiquitously spread mobile telecommunication services (Seddigh et al. 2010). The 4G wireless technology has recently coined for improving broadband performance and allowing multimedia programs. Consequently, its architectures and standards have considerably enhanced to transfer higher data rates than 2G and 4G. Meanwhile, Long-Term Evolution (LTE) has evolved to become one of the effective technologies that accomplish the 4G wireless performance goals (Shaik et al. 2015).Due to the high performances of 4G/LTE mobile devices, the LTE subscribers are expected to be about 3.16 billion by the end of 2018 (Statista 2018). There are various technological advances that 4G/LTE wireless networks provide when compared to earlier technologies. Firstly, 4G/LTE mobile systems work perfectly by utilizing the TCP/IP model. This, in fact, decreases financial and computational costs, where portable devices can connect to the Internet using an Internet Protocol (IP) without any constraints to previously closed cellular configurations. Nevertheless, with the wide variety of communication protocols included in the TCP/IP model, 4G/LTE wireless networks face multiple security and privacy issues (Seddigh et al. 2010; Shaik et al. 2015). The key issues for securing 4G/LTE wireless networks can be summarized into three aspects. Firstly, mobile devices can flexibly access the Internet from any location and are therefore vulnerable to being hacked by different advanced persistent threats (APT). Secondly, while mobile IP-based systems are regularly updated with cryptographic and security mechanisms, there is an effect on their performance and traffic processing capacity that requires secure and upgraded wireless standards and architectures. Finally, although vendors are producing new generations of 4G/LTE technologies, they do not regularly develop new standards to mitigate vulnerabilities and deter growing cyber APT (Seddigh et al. 2010; Shaik et al. 2015; Li et al. 2018).