Costly punishment across human societies
Costly punishment across human societies
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DOI：
10.1126/science.1127333
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发表时间：
2006-06-23
期刊：
影响因子：
56.9
通讯作者：
Ziker, John
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Henrich, Joseph;McElreath, Richard;Ziker, John
最近旨在理解人类合作的进化基础的行为实验表明，即使是在一次性的情况下，也愿意进行昂贵的惩罚，这可能是人类心理的一部分，也是理解我们社会性的关键因素。然而，由于大多数实验仅限于工业化社会的学生，因此将这些见解推广到物种中必然是试探性的。在这里，来自15个不同人群的实验结果表明：（1）随着不平等行为的增加，所有人群都表现出一定的实施代价高昂的惩罚的意愿;（2）这种惩罚的程度在人群中有很大差异;（3）代价高昂的惩罚与利他行为在人群中呈正相关。这些发现与人类利他主义的基因-文化共同进化模型相一致，并进一步阐明了任何人类合作理论需要解释的问题。
Recent behavioral experiments aimed at understanding the evolutionary foundations of human cooperation have suggested that a willingness to engage in costly punishment, even in one-shot situations, may be part of human psychology and a key element in understanding our sociality. However, because most experiments have been confined to students in industrialized societies, generalizations of these insights to the species have necessarily been tentative. Here, experimental results from 15 diverse populations show that (i) all populations demonstrate some willingness to administer costly punishment as unequal behavior increases, (ii) the magnitude of this punishment varies substantially across populations, and (iii) costly punishment positively covaries with altruistic behavior across populations. These findings are consistent with models of the gene-culture coevolution of human altruism and further sharpen what any theory of human cooperation needs to explain.