Barley
Barley
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大麦
DOI：
10.1002/9780470958636.ch13
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发表时间：
2010
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Gubatz S
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Gubatz S
联合国粮食及农业组织（粮农组织）2007年的数据显示，每年有超过1.36亿吨大麦(Hordeum vulgare subsp。vulgare L.)在世界范围内生产，种植面积约为5660万公顷，平均产量约为2.4吨/公顷（http://faostat）。粮农组织。org/default。aspx)。虽然这使它在世界谷物产量中仅排在第四位，远低于小麦、大米和玉米，但它是主要的主食作物，是许多国家人口的重要食物来源，在其他国家被广泛用于牲畜饲料和麦芽、酿造和蒸馏。作为食品、饲料和加工原料这三种主要最终用途的谷物的质量是由成熟谷物的结构和成分决定的。因此，许多关于大麦的描述都集中在成熟的谷物上，并在其中集中在决定最终使用特性的主要成分组上：淀粉、蛋白质和细胞壁多糖。然而，如果我们要了解它的组成和性质，并希望在未来操纵这些，了解晶粒的结构和它是如何发展的也是必要的。发达国家的大麦育种计划传统上侧重于两种最终用途，即饲料和麦芽，这两种用途的需求差异很大。这些将在本卷的其他章节中更详细地讨论，目前的叙述描述了发展，
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) figures for 2007 show that over 136 million tons of barley (Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare L.) were produced worldwide, being grown on about 56.6 million hectares with a mean yield of about 2.4 t/ha (http://faostat. fao. org/default. aspx). Although this places it only fourth in world cereal production, well below wheat, rice, and maize, it is the major staple crop and a significant source of food for the populations of many countries, and is widely used for livestock feed and for malting, brewing, and distilling in other countries. The quality of the grain for these three major end uses, as food, feed, and raw material for processing, is determined by the structure and composition of the mature grain. Consequently, many accounts of barley focus on the mature grain and within this on the major groups of components that determine end use properties: starch, proteins, and cell wall polysaccharides. However, it is also necessary to understand the structure of the grain and how it develops if we are to understand its composition and properties and wish to manipulate these in the future. Barley breeding programs in developed countries have traditionally focused on two end uses, feed and malting, which differ significantly in their requirements. These are discussed in more detail in other chapters in this volume, with the present account describing the development,