Mechanisms and implications of animal flight maneuverability
Mechanisms and implications of animal flight maneuverability
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DOI：
10.1093/icb/42.1.135
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发表时间：
2002-02-01
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Dudley, R
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Dudley, R
飞行动物的加速度和方向变化来自于空气动力产生与身体对平移和旋转的惯性阻力之间的相互作用。因此，人体的解剖学和异速生长特征决定了空中机动的速度。身体对所施加的力的平移和旋转响应都随着总质量的增加而减小。对于飞行的脊椎动物，相对较重的翅膀对全身转动惯量的贡献是很大的，而许多昆虫类群的相对较轻的翅膀表明，转动惯量是由身体部分的贡献占主导地位。在某些情况下，机翼设计的惯性特性可能与它们的空气动力特性在影响机体旋转速度方面同样重要。飞行中的稳定性要求力和力矩的平衡，这通常是通过翼拍运动学中的双侧对称性获得的，而机身滚转和偏航则来自轴向和翼外结构的双侧不对称运动。在许多飞行脊椎动物中，尾巴的使用有助于产生气动扭矩，并大大提高了身体旋转的速度。对翼拍运动学的几何约束可能会限制总的力产生，从而在某些行为情况下限制加速能力。然而，考虑到解剖学、生物力学和能量设计特征之间的各种特定背景的相互作用，动物飞行性能和机动性的单一限制是不可能的。
Accelerations and directional changes of flying animals derive from interactions between aerodynamic force production and the inertial resistance of the body to translation and rotation. Anatomical and allometric features of body design thus mediate the rapidity of aerial maneuvers. Both translational and rotational responsiveness of the body to applied force decrease with increased total mass. For flying vertebrates, contributions of the relatively heavy wings to whole-body rotational inertia are substantial, whereas the relatively light wings of many insect taxa suggest that rotational inertia is dominated by the contributions of body segments. In some circumstances, inertial features of wing design may be as significant as are their aerodynamic properties in influencing the rapidity of body rotations. Stability in flight requires force and moment balances that are usually attained via bilateral symmetry in wingbeat kinematics, whereas body roll and yaw derive from bilaterally asymmetric movements of both axial and appendicular structures. In many flying vertebrates, use of the tail facilitates the generation of aerodynamic torques and substantially enhances quickness of body rotation. Geometrical constraints on wingbeat kinematics may limit total force production and thus accelerational capacity in certain behavioral circumstances. Unitary limits to animal flight performance and maneuverability are unlikely, however, given varied and context-specific interactions among anatomical, biomechanical, and energetic features of design.