Phoenicians in the West
Phoenicians in the West
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西方的腓尼基人
DOI：
10.2307/500460
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发表时间：
1958
影响因子：
1.2
通讯作者：
R. Carpenter
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
R. Carpenter
要把他们的名声说清楚：他们是工匠，是制造贵重金属的工人，他们的妇女编织精美而珍贵的衣服。在帕特洛克罗斯的葬礼上，阿喀琉斯为参赛者准备了一个巨大的银碗作为奖品，这个碗被描述为“世界上最好的;腓尼基人把它带到多云的海上，把他们的船停在（利姆诺斯）港口，把它献给（国王）托阿斯”（23。740 ff）;据说，这只碗也是普里阿摩斯的一个儿子被长矛俘虏时的买价，这进一步表明了它的价值。精细编织的衣服在6中提到。巴黎在西顿为海伦购买的腓尼基女仆的作品，当时他正带着海伦去特洛伊。这就是《伊利亚特》对腓尼基人的全部描述;但这足以证明希腊人对他们的技术成就的强烈尊重--值得注意的是，这是一种毫不吝惜的钦佩，没有种族敌意的暗示。历史上（或者说考古学上），这种情绪最符合公元前世纪后半叶的一段时期，当时希腊船只在长期与世隔绝之后，开始重新回到东部沃茨，并在叙利亚港口（如米纳港）停靠。这种与叙利亚和腓尼基艺术的接触给希腊人留下的深刻印象是众所周知的。直到两三代人之后，也就是在世纪，希腊人才开始克服这种对东方技术成就的优越感，用自己的产品与之抗衡。因此，《伊利亚特》可以被认为反映了希腊人对腓尼基人的态度，这种态度在公元前8世纪后半叶到公元前7世纪前半叶这段时间里是典型的。另一方面，如果我们转向《奥德赛》，我们会发现希腊人的感情经历了剧烈的变化。腓尼基人现在要突出得多，几乎与行动中的次要角色地位不相上下。同样，这可能主要是由于故事的背景;但意义不在于他们被提及的频率，而在于他们被看待的不同方式。在两个不同的场合，奥德修斯，谁是小心，不说实话，如果一个谎言将服务，编造故事，以解释他在他的家乡伊萨卡岛的到来。有一次，他没有认出他的保护女神雅典娜，他向她假装自己是一个犯有过失杀人罪的腓尼基人，他在一艘腓尼基船上避难，这艘船碰巧在港口，他成功地说服了船长把他送到皮洛斯或埃利斯。他补充说，这些腓尼基人遵守了他们的交易（当他们可能从特洛伊偷走他的全部战利品财富并将他卖为奴隶时）。但这个有利的转折是他的故事中不可避免的细节，因为他必须让自己独自出现在伊萨坎岛的海滩上，带着大量的黄金和青铜以及精美的衣服，显得可信。事实上，他有机会指出，腓尼基人没有欺骗他表明，它越过他（sc荷马的）的头脑，这种行为可能自然已经预期。在《奥德赛》的其他地方，腓尼基人的形象就不那么好了。诚然，他们仍然是了不起的工匠，他们制作了西顿国王送给墨涅拉俄斯的金唇银碗，墨涅拉俄斯在战争结束后从埃及回国;养猪人欧迈俄斯讲述了他们商品中的珠宝和小饰品，比如一条用琥珀珠子串成的金项链，当小男孩被绑架时，它可以用来转移注意力。但是，在地方的尊重绰号polydaidaloi“的许多技能，”这是用在
make their reputation clear: they are craftsmen, workers in precious metal, and their women weave elaborate and much prized garments. At the funeral games for Patroklos, Achilles sets as prize for the runners a large silver bowl described as "far the finest in the world; Phoenicians brought it over the cloudy sea and stayed their ships in the harbor (of Lemnos) and presented it to (King) Thoas" (23. 740ff); and this same bowl is said to have served as purchase price for one of Priam's sons taken captive by Achilles-a further indication of how greatly it was valued. The finely woven garments are mentioned in 6. 289ff as the work of Phoenician handmaidens whom Paris acquired at Sidon for Helen when he was bringing her with him to Troy. That is all that the Iliad has to say about Phoenicians; but it is enough to prove a strong Greek respect for their technical accomplishments-an unstinted admiration, be it noted, without hint of racial hostility. Historically (or rather, archaeologically) such a sentiment best accords with the period when Hellenic ships after a long period of isolation began to revisit eastern waters and touched at Syrian ports such as Al Mina in the latter half of the eighth century before Christ. The profound impression made on the Greek mind by this contact with Syrian and Phoenician artistry is familiar to everyone. Not until two or three generations later, in the course of the seventh century, did the Greeks begin to overcome this sense of the superiority of Oriental technical accomplishment by rivaling it with their own products. The Iliad may therefore be taken to reflect the Greek attitude toward the Phoenicians that was typical for the span of years between the latter part of the eighth and the earlier part of the seventh centuries B.C. On the other hand, if we turn to the Odyssey we shall discover that Greek sentiment has undergone a drastic change. The Phoenicians are now much more prominent, almost with the status of minor characters in the action. Again, this may be largely due to the setting of the story; but the significance does not lie in the frequency with which they are mentioned but the different manner in which they are regarded. On two separate occasions Odysseus, who is careful not to tell the truth if a falsehood will serve, fabricates stories to explain his arrival in his native isle of Ithaca. Once, having failed to recognize his protectress Athena, he pretends to her that he is a Cretan guilty of manslaughter, who had sought refuge on a Phoenician ship which chanced to be in harbor' and had succeeded in persuading its captain for a price to transport him to Pylos or Elis. He adds that these Phoenicians kept to their bargain (when they might have stolen his entire wealth of booty from Troy and sold him into slavery). But this favorable turn was an unavoidable detail in his story, since he had to make plausible his presence alone on an Ithacan beach with a huge hoard of gold and bronze and fine raiment. The fact that he takes occasion to point out that the Phoenicians did not deceive him suggests that it crossed his (sc. Homer's) mind that such behavior might naturally have been expected. Elsewhere in the Odyssey the Phoenicians are presented in a much less favorable light. To be sure, they are still remarkable craftsmen, having made the gold-lipped silver bowl which the king of Sidon gave to Menelaus homeward bound from Egypt after the war; and Eumaeus the swineherd tells of jewelry and trinkets in their merchandise, such as the gold necklace strung with amber beads which served for diversion while the little boy was being kidnapped. But in place of the respectful epithet polydaidaloi "of many skills," which was used in