The state, war, and the state of war: The strength of states
The state, war, and the state of war: The strength of states
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国家、战争和战争状态：国家的力量
DOI：
10.1017/cbo9780511628306.006
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发表时间：
1996
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
K. Holsti
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
K. Holsti
在传统的国际关系文献中，国家主要是以实力为特征的，也就是说，国家有能力通过说服或胁迫来实现和捍卫自己的目的，并在必要时在战争中击败对手。因此，国际政治史及其在新现实主义中的理论表述集中于通常被定义为特定时代的大国的“大国”的活动。一个大国的地位与其立即可用的军事资源之间存在着很强的相关性。因此，传统上，“强国”的概念与战争现象密切相关。但20世纪下半叶的战争并不主要是一种大国活动。正如第二章中的表格所示，自1945年以来，大多数战争发生在中东、非洲、中美洲、南亚和东南亚，最近发生在巴尔干和中亚前苏联加盟共和国。如果战争是当代分析的主题，那么学术分析人士与大国的长期恋情将不得不改变。自1945年以来，大国主要应对弱国内部和弱国之间的战争问题。它们本身并不像在17世纪到1945年之间那样是战争的根源。因此，要研究战争，新的焦点将不得不放在“大国”以外的国家上。国际关系理论将不得不背离卢梭的见解，承认国家内部的无政府状态而不是国家之间的无政府状态是解释1945年以来战争盛行的基本条件。
In the conventional international relations literature, states are primarily characterized in terms of power, that is, in their capacity to achieve and defend their purposes either through persuasion or coercion and, if necessary, to defeat their adversaries in war. Histories of international politics as well as their theoretical renderings in neorealism thus concentrate on the activities of the “powers” which are usually defined as the great powers of a particular era. There is a strong correlation between the status of a great power and its immediately available military resources. The concept of a “power” thus traditionally has been linked closely to the phenomenon of war. But war in the second half of the twentieth century has not been predominantly a great power activity. As the tables in chapter 2 demonstrate, most war since 1945 has occurred in the Middle East, Africa, Central America, South Asia, and Southeast Asia, and more recently in the Balkans and the Central Asian former Soviet republics. If war is the topic of contemporary analysis, then academic analysts' long love affair with the great powers will have to change. Since 1945, the great powers have primarily responded to the problem of war in and between weak states. They have not themselves been the sources of war, as they had been between the seventeenth century and 1945. To study war, then, the new focus will have to be on states other than the “powers.” Theories of international relations will have to veer away from Rousseau's insights and recognize that anarchy within states rather than between states is the fundamental condition that explains the prevalence of war since 1945.