Influence of maternal thyroid hormones during gestation on fetal brain development.
Influence of maternal thyroid hormones during gestation on fetal brain development.
复制标题
DOI：
10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.09.070
复制
发表时间：
2017-02-07
期刊：
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
Buss C
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Moog NK;Entringer S;Heim C;Wadhwa PD;Kathmann N;Buss C
甲状腺激素（TH）在大脑发育和成熟的许多基本过程中起着必不可少的作用。发育中的胚胎/胎儿依赖于母体的TH供应。胎儿甲状腺直到妊娠中期才开始合成甲状旁腺激素，并且母体严重的甲状旁腺激素缺乏对后代神经发育的不良后果已得到证实。最近的证据表明，即使是较中度的母亲甲状腺功能障碍，特别是在妊娠早期，也可能对儿童认知发育和神经发育障碍的风险产生长期影响。此外，这些观察到的变化在出生后似乎在很大程度上是不可逆的。因此，就其影响的性质、程度、时间特异性和环境特异性而言，更好地了解母亲甲状腺功能障碍对后代神经发育的作用是很重要的。关于环境特异性的问题，怀孕期间母亲的应激和应激相关的生物过程可能会调节母亲的甲状腺功能。然而，在胎儿大脑发育的背景下，甲状腺和应激系统之间的相互作用的可能性尚未得到解决。我们首先对妊娠期间的TH生物学进行简要概述，并对其对发育中的大脑的影响进行文献综述。接下来，我们考虑并讨论与母体应激和应激生物学相关的过程是否以及如何与母体甲状腺功能对后代大脑发育的影响相互作用并改变其影响。我们综合了几个研究领域，并确定了可能值得进一步研究的重要知识差距。本综述的科学和公共卫生相关性涉及更好地了解大脑发育的甲状腺程序的时间，机制和背景，对早期识别风险，初级预防和干预具有重要意义。
Thyroid hormones (TH) play an obligatory role in many fundamental processes underlying brain development and maturation. The developing embryo/fetus is dependent on maternal supply of TH. The fetal thyroid gland does not commence THs synthesis until mid gestation, and the adverse consequences of severe maternal TH deficiency on offspring neurodevelopment are well established. Recent evidence suggests that even more moderate forms of maternal thyroid dysfunction, particularly during early gestation, may have a long-lasting influence on child cognitive development and risk of neurodevelopmental disorders. Moreover, these observed alterations appear to be largely irreversible after birth. It is, therefore, important to gain a better understanding of the role of maternal thyroid dysfunction on offspring neurodevelopment in terms of the nature, magnitude, time-specificity, and context-specificity of its effects. With respect to the issue of context specificity, it is possible that maternal stress and stress-related biological processes during pregnancy may modulate maternal thyroid function. The possibility of an interaction between the thyroid and stress systems in the context of fetal brain development has, however, not been addressed to date. We begin this review with a brief overview of TH biology during pregnancy and a summary of the literature on its effect on the developing brain. Next, we consider and discuss whether and how processes related to maternal stress and stress biology may interact with and modify the effects of maternal thyroid function on offspring brain development. We synthesize several research areas and identify important knowledge gaps that may warrant further study. The scientific and public health relevance of this review relates to achieving a better understanding of the timing, mechanisms and contexts of thyroid programming of brain development, with implications for early identification of risk, primary prevention and intervention.