Reactive nitrogen over the tropical western Pacific: Influence from lightning and biomass burning during BIBLE A
Reactive nitrogen over the tropical western Pacific: Influence from lightning and biomass burning during BIBLE A
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DOI：
10.1029/2001jd000823
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发表时间：
2002-02
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
M. Koike;Y. Kondo;K. Kita;N. Nishi;S. Liu;D. Blake;M. Ko;D. Akutagawa;S. Kawakami;N. Takegawa;Yongjing Zhao;T. Ogawa
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文献类型：
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作者：
M. Koike;Y. Kondo;K. Kita;N. Nishi;S. Liu;D. Blake;M. Ko;D. Akutagawa;S. Kawakami;N. Takegawa;Yongjing Zhao;T. Ogawa
[1]1998年9月和10月，在热带西太平洋上空开展了生物质燃烧和闪电试验阶段A(《圣经A》)飞机战役。在此期间，印度尼西亚的生物质燃烧活动相当弱。在测量前3天内越过印度尼西亚群岛的气团(印尼气团)中NOx和NOY的混合比率系统地高于源自中太平洋的气团(热带气团)。印尼9-13公里(对流层上层，UT)的气团有60%来自中太平洋。这两类气团之间NOY混合率的差异可能是由于气团在群岛上空时发生的过程所致。本文提出的证据表明，对流从地表携带物质，而NO是由闪电产生的。在海拔3公里以下(对流层下部)，NOx和NOY到CO的典型梯度(dNOy/DCO和dNOx/DCO)小于生物质燃烧羽流和城市地区的梯度，表明这两个源都不起主导作用。当将UT中的CO-NOx和CO-NOy关系与为LT选择的参考关系进行比较时，NOx和NOy值分别高出40-60 pptv(NOx的80%)和70-100 pptv(NOy的50%)。这种差异归因于闪电原位生成NO。利用大气质量轨迹和地球静止气象卫星(GMS)获取的云高度资料进行的分析表明，陆地上的对流可能伴随着闪电活动，增加了NOx值，而海洋上的对流通常会降低NOx水平。这些过程被发现对热带西太平洋的臭氧产生率有很大的影响。
[1] The Biomass Burning and Lightning Experiment phase A (BIBLE A) aircraft campaign was carried out over the tropical western Pacific in September and October 1998. During this period, biomass burning activity in Indonesia was quite weak. Mixing ratios of NOx and NOy in air masses that had crossed over the Indonesian islands within 3 days prior to the measurement (Indonesian air masses) were systematically higher than those in air masses originating from the central Pacific (tropical air masses). Sixty percent of the Indonesian air masses at 9–13 km (upper troposphere, UT) originated from the central Pacific. The differences in NOy mixing ratio between these two types of air masses were likely due to processes that occurred while air masses were over the Islands. Evidence presented in this paper suggests convection carries material from the surface, and NO is produced from lightning. At altitudes below 3 km (lower troposphere, LT), typical gradient of NOx and NOy to CO (dNOy/dCO and dNOx/dCO) was smaller than that in the biomass burning plumes and in urban areas, suggesting that neither source has a dominant influence. When the CO-NOx and CO-NOy relationships in the UT are compared to the reference relationships chosen for the LT, the NOx and NOy values are higher by 40–60 pptv (80% of NOx) and 70–100 pptv (50% of NOy). This difference is attributed to in situ production of NO by lightning. Analyses using air mass trajectories and geostationary meteorological satellite (GMS) derived cloud height data show that convection over land, which could be accompanied by lightning activity, increases the NOx values, while convection over the ocean generally lowers the NOx level. These processes are found to have a significant impact on the O3 production rate over the tropical western Pacific.