Alcohol and Drug Use and the Developing Brain.
Alcohol and Drug Use and the Developing Brain.
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DOI：
10.1007/s11920-016-0689-y
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发表时间：
2016-05
影响因子：
6.7
通讯作者：
Gray KM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Squeglia LM;Gray KM
青春期是一个重要的神经发育时期，以酒精和毒品使用率迅速上升为标志。在过去的十年里，研究试图通过使用复杂的纵向设计来理清物质使用前和使用后对大脑发育的影响。这篇综述集中于最近的前瞻性研究，并解决了以下重要问题：(1)在青少年使用药物之前，哪些神经心理和神经特征使青少年更容易从事重度酒精或药物使用，以及(2)大量酒精和药物使用如何影响正常的神经发育和认知功能？研究结果表明，与青春期药物使用增加有关的先前存在的神经功能特征包括抑制和工作记忆测试中的神经心理功能较差，灰质和白质体积较小，白质完整性的变化，以及抑制、工作记忆、奖励和休息状态期间大脑激活的改变。在物质使用开始后，酒精和大麻的使用与在言语记忆、视觉空间功能、精神运动速度、工作记忆、注意力、认知控制和整体智商测试中的认知功能较差有关。与对照组相比，青春期大量饮酒与灰质加速减少和白质体积减弱有关，以及在抑制和工作记忆任务中大脑激活增加。需要用更多样化的样本进行更大规模的纵向研究，以更好地了解酒精、大麻和其他物质的交互影响，以及性别、共生精神病理学、遗传学、睡眠和开始使用药物的年龄所起的作用。
Adolescence is an important neurodevelopmental period marked by rapidly escalating rates of alcohol and drug use. Over the past decade, research has attempted to disentangle pre- and post-substance use effects on brain development by using sophisticated longitudinal designs. This review focuses on recent, prospective studies and addresses the following important questions: (1) what neuropsychological and neural features predate adolescent substance use, making youth more vulnerable to engage in heavy alcohol or drug use, and (2) how does heavy alcohol and drug use affect normal neural development and cognitive functioning? Findings suggest that pre-existing neural features that relate to increased substance use during adolescence include poorer neuropsychological functioning on tests of inhibition and working memory, smaller gray and white matter volume, changes in white matter integrity, and altered brain activation during inhibition, working memory, reward, and resting state. After substance use is initiated, alcohol and marijuana use are associated with poorer cognitive functioning on tests of verbal memory, visuospatial functioning, psychomotor speed, working memory, attention, cognitive control, and overall IQ. Heavy alcohol use during adolescence is related to accelerated decreases in gray matter and attenuated increases in white matter volume, as well as increased brain activation during tasks of inhibition and working memory, relative to controls. Larger longitudinal studies with more diverse samples are needed to better understand the interactive effects of alcohol, marijuana, and other substances, as well as the role of sex, co-occurring psychopathology, genetics, sleep, and age of initiation on substance use.