Neuromuscular control of prey capture in frogs.
Neuromuscular control of prey capture in frogs.
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青蛙捕获猎物的神经肌肉控制。
DOI：
10.1098/rstb.1999.0445
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发表时间：
1999
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Nishikawa,KC
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Nishikawa,KC
在保留形态上令人惊讶地保守的摄食装置的同时，青蛙作为一个群体，在捕获猎物的过程中，舌头伸出的生物力学表现出很大的变异性，这反过来又与神经肌肉控制的差异有关。在这篇论文中，我解决了以下三个问题。(1)青蛙舌头的生物力学差异是什么？(2)是什么解剖学和生理学差异造成的？(3)生物力学与神经肌肉控制机制有什么关系？蛙类在进食时使用三种非排他性的机制来延长舌头：(I)机械拉力，舌头在拉长过程中肌肉收缩；(Ii)惯性伸长，舌头在惯性和肌肉负荷下延长；(Iii)流体静力伸长，舌头在肌肉恒定体积的限制下延长。这些功能类型之间的主要区别包括：(I)与舌肌相关的胶原纤维的数量和方向，以及这种结缔组织赋予舌体整体的机械性能；(Ii)惯性从张开的颌骨转移到舌头，这可能涉及到一种抓取机制，该机制增加了嘴巴张开时的加速度。舌前伸的机制在用于控制舌运动的神经机制的类型上有所不同，特别是前馈控制与反馈控制的相对重要性，关节间精确协调的要求，运动单位的大小和数量，以及参与协调舌动和下巴运动的传入通路。青蛙舌头的生物力学和神经肌肉控制的进化提供了一个例子，在这个例子中，神经肌肉控制被微调到生物力学的约束和物种之间形态设计的差异所提供的机会。
While retaining a feeding apparatus that is surprisingly conservative morphologically, frogs as a group exhibit great variability in the biomechanics of tongue protraction during prey capture, which in turn is related to differences in neuromuscular control. In this paper, I address the following three questions. (1) How do frog tongues differ biomechanically? (2) What anatomical and physiological differences are responsible? (3) How is biomechanics related to mechanisms of neuromuscular control? Frog species use three non–exclusive mechanisms to protract their tongues during feeding: (i) mechanical pulling, in which the tongue shortens as its muscles contract during protraction; (ii) inertial elongation, in which the tongue lengthens under inertial and muscular loading; and (iii) hydrostatic elongation, in which the tongue lengthens under constraints imposed by the constant volume of a muscular hydrostat. Major differences among these functional types include (i) the amount and orientation of collagen fibres associated with the tongue muscles and the mechanical properties that this connective tissue confers to the tongue as a whole; and (ii) the transfer of inertia from the opening jaws to the tongue, which probably involves a catch mechanism that increases the acceleration achieved during mouth opening. The mechanisms of tongue protraction differ in the types of neural mechanisms that are used to control tongue movements, particularly in the relative importance of feed–forward versus feedback control, in requirements for precise interjoint coordination, in the size and number of motor units, and in the afferent pathways that are involved in coordinating tongue and jaw movements. Evolution of biomechanics and neuromuscular control of frog tongues provides an example in which neuromuscular control is finely tuned to the biomechanical constraints and opportunities provided by differences in morphological design among species.