Out of the Land of Oz: the importance of tackling wicked environmental problems without taming them
Out of the Land of Oz: the importance of tackling wicked environmental problems without taming them
复制标题
走出绿野仙踪：解决邪恶的环境问题而不是驯服它们的重要性
DOI：
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发表时间：
2014
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
C. Stahl
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
C. Stahl
与复杂的环境决策作斗争常常让我们觉得只有电影《绿野仙踪》中的巫师（Fleming in Wizard of Oz, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, California, 1939）才能提出令人满意的解决方案。然而，如果我们区分决策中使用的技术信息和决策过程，情况就不一定如此。做出环境决策是一个棘手的问题，这意味着价值观是强加的，无论我们是否明确承认或理解这些价值观是什么。典型的棘手问题是如何在潜在的臭氧控制政策、气候变化政策或制定可持续发展计划中进行选择。相比之下，温和的问题是那些存在已知事实的问题。经典的温和问题是诸如在选定的空间和时间范围内给定源排放和气象条件（例如通过评估联邦臭氧标准的遵守情况所规定的范围）来估计地面臭氧水平的问题。缺乏对环境决策利用温和问题信息而同时仍然是一个棘手问题的了解，是寻找政策解决方案的障碍。因此，我们要求环境专业人士利用此处提供的温和/邪恶的见解重新思考他们的决策过程。
Struggling with complex environmental decision making often makes us feel that only the wizard in the movie, “The Wizard of Oz” (Fleming in Wizard of Oz, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, California, 1939) can produce agreeable solutions. However, this need not be the case if we distinguish between the technical information used in decision making versus the process of decision making. Making environmental decisions is a wicked problem, meaning that values are imposed, whether or not we explicitly acknowledge or understand what those values are. Classic wicked problems are those such as how to choose among potential ozone control policies, climate change policies or developing a sustainability plan. In contrast, tame problems are those where there is a knowable truth. Classic tame problems are those such as estimating the ground level ozone level given source emissions and meteorology within a chosen spatial and temporal scale such as that stipulated by assessing compliance with the federal ozone standard. Lack of understanding that environmental decision making utilizes tame problem information while remaining a wicked problem is a barrier to finding policy solutions. Hence, we challenge environmental professionals to rethink their processes of decision making with the tame/wicked insight offered here.