Chromium Isotope Geochemistry

Chromium Isotope Geochemistry
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铬同位素地球化学

DOI:
10.2138/rmg.2017.82.10
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发表时间:
2017
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
X. Wang
X. Wang
中科院分区:
地球科学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
L. Qin;X. Wang

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铬由四种稳定同位素(50Cr、52Cr、53Cr 和 54Cr)组成,自然丰度分别为 4.35%、83.79%、9.50% 和 2.36%(Rossman 和 Taylor 1998)。在这四种同位素中,50Cr、52Cr和54Cr是非放射性同位素,而53Cr是灭绝核素53Mn的放射性产物,其半衰期为3.7 Myr(Honda和Imamura 1971)。铬同位素系统在地球化学和宇宙化学中具有广泛的应用。它们已被用于研究早期太阳系过程(例如,Rotaru et al. 1992);地下系统的氧化/还原(氧化还原)电位,它控制着许多污染物的迁移和归宿(例如,Ellis 等人,2002 年);最近,地球早期海洋-大气系统的氧化还原演化与生命的演化密切相关(Frei et al. 2009;Crowe et al. 2013;Planavsky et al. 2014;Cole et al. 2016)。 ### Cr 的化学性质 铬对氧化还原敏感。在地球近地表环境中,Cr有两种主要价态,+3和+6,分别表示为Cr(III)和Cr(VI)。 Cr 的价态由主要的氧化还原电位 (Eh) 和 pH 条件控制(图 1)。 Cr(VI) 总是与 O2− 结合形成氧阴离子物种 CrO42−(铬酸盐)、HCrO4−(重铬酸盐)和 Cr2O72−(重铬酸盐),所有这些都是水溶性的。相比之下,Cr3+ 通常形成羟基氧化物或氧化物,它们在自然 pH 范围内不溶且不流动。在氧化风化过程中,矿物中的 Cr(III) 可以被 O2 氧化为 Cr(VI),这一过程由氧化锰催化(Fendorf 和 Zasoski 1992;Economou-Eliopoulos 等人 2014)。 Cr(VI) 迁移至河流,最终迁移至海洋。在现代海洋中,Cr 以 Cr(VI) 和…的形式出现。
Chromium consists of four stable isotopes (50Cr, 52Cr, 53Cr and 54Cr) with natural abundances of 4.35%, 83.79%, 9.50% and 2.36%, respectively (Rossman and Taylor 1998). Among these four isotopes, 50Cr, 52Cr and 54Cr are non-radiogenic, whereas 53Cr is a radiogenic product of the extinct nuclide 53Mn, which has a half-life of 3.7 Myr (Honda and Imamura 1971). Chromium isotope systems have a wide range of applications in geochemistry and cosmochemistry. They have been used to study early solar system processes (e.g., Rotaru et al. 1992); the oxidation/reduction (redox) potential of underground systems, which governs the transport and fate of many contaminants (e.g., Ellis et al. 2002); and more recently, the redox evolution of Earth’s early ocean-atmosphere system, which is intimately linked to the evolution of life (Frei et al. 2009; Crowe et al. 2013; Planavsky et al. 2014; Cole et al. 2016). ### Chemical properties of Cr Chromium is redox-sensitive. In Earth’s near-surface environments, Cr has two main valence states, +3 and + 6, which are expressed as Cr(III) and Cr(VI), respectively. The valence state of Cr is controlled by the prevailing redox potential (Eh) and pH conditions (Fig. 1). Cr(VI) is always bound with O2− to form the oxyanion species CrO42− (chromate), HCrO4− (bichromate), and Cr2O72−(dichromate), all of which are water-soluble. In contrast, Cr3+ usually forms oxyhydroxides or oxides, which are insoluble and immobile in the natural pH range. During oxidative weathering, Cr(III) in minerals can be oxidized by O2 to Cr(VI), a process that is catalyzed by manganese oxides (Fendorf and Zasoski 1992; Economou-Eliopoulos et al. 2014). The Cr(VI) migrates to rivers and eventually to the ocean. In the modern ocean, Cr occurs as both Cr(VI) and …
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