THE CHEMICAL BASIS OF MORPHOGENESIS
THE CHEMICAL BASIS OF MORPHOGENESIS
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DOI：
10.1098/rstb.1952.0012
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发表时间：
1952-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
TURING, AM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
TURING, AM
有人建议，一个系统的化学物质，称为morphogens，反应在一起，并通过组织扩散，是足以说明的主要现象的形态发生。这样一个系统，尽管它最初可能是非常均匀的，但由于均匀平衡的不稳定性，它可能后来发展出一种模式或结构，这种不稳定性是由随机扰动触发的。这样的反应扩散系统被认为是在一些细节的情况下，一个孤立的环的细胞，数学上方便，但生物学上不寻常的系统。调查主要涉及不稳定的开始。据发现，有六个本质上不同的形式，这可能采取。在最有趣的形式驻波出现在环。有人建议，这可能占，例如，为tendernal模式的水螅和轮生叶。还考虑了一个球上的反应和扩散系统。这样的系统似乎解释了原肠胚形成。另一个二维的反应系统产生了斑点状的图案。二维驻波也可以解释叶序现象，本文的目的是讨论一种可能的机制，受精卵的基因可能决定所产生的生物体的解剖结构。这个理论并没有提出任何新的假设;它只是表明某些众所周知的物理定律足以解释许多事实。充分理解这篇论文需要良好的数学知识，一些生物学和一些基础化学。由于不能指望读者是所有这些学科的专家，因此解释了一些基本事实，这些事实可以在教科书中找到，但遗漏这些事实会使论文难以阅读。
It is suggested that a system of chemical substances, called morphogens, reacting together and diffusing through a tissue, is adequate to account for the main phenomena of morphogenesis. Such a system, although it may originally be quite homogeneous, may later develop a pattern or structure due to an instability of the homogeneous equilibrium, which is triggered off by random disturbances. Such reaction-diffusion systems are considered in some detail in the case of an isolated ring of cells, a mathematically convenient, though biologically unusual system. The investigation is chiefly concerned with the onset of instability. It is found that there are six essentially different forms which this may take. In the most interesting form stationary waves appear on the ring. It is suggested that this might account, for instance, for the tentacle patterns onHydraand for whorled leaves. A system of reactions and diffusion on a sphere is also considered. Such a system appears to account for gastrulation. Another reaction system in two dimensions gives rise to patterns reminiscent of dappling. It is also suggested that stationary waves in two dimensions could account for the phenomena of phyllotaxis.The purpose of this paper is to discuss a possible mechanism by which the genes of a zygote may determine the anatomical structure of the resulting organism. The theory does not make any new hypotheses; it merely suggests that certain well-known physical laws are sufficient to account for many of the facts. The full understanding of the paper requires a good knowledge of mathematics, some biology, and some elementary chemistry. Since readers cannot be expected to be experts in all of these subjects, a number of elementary facts are explained, which can be found in text-books, but whose omission would make the paper difficult reading.