Mixed-species tree plantings enhance structural complexity in oil palm plantations
Mixed-species tree plantings enhance structural complexity in oil palm plantations
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DOI：
10.1016/j.agee.2019.06.003
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发表时间：
2019-11
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
D. Zemp;M. Ehbrecht;D. Seidel;C. Ammer;D. Craven;Joshua Erkelenz;B. Irawan;L. Sundawati;D. Hölscher;H. Kreft
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文献类型：
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作者：
D. Zemp;M. Ehbrecht;D. Seidel;C. Ammer;D. Craven;Joshua Erkelenz;B. Irawan;L. Sundawati;D. Hölscher;H. Kreft
将结构复杂的热带雨林转变为简单的油棕单一种植导致生物多样性和生态系统功能的急剧丧失。为了减轻负面的生态影响，丰富与本地树种可能会迅速恢复现有的油棕种植园的结构复杂性。然而，在混种造林的结构复杂性的恢复机制仍然知之甚少。我们测量结构的复杂性，从陆地激光扫描的生物多样性富集实验与多个树种种植在油棕单作，形成不同的树种多样性和地块大小的农林地块。我们发现，植树三年后，油棕的结构复杂性增加了三分之一，占恢复热带森林结构复杂性所需增加量的25%。结构复杂性的变化与更密集和更复杂的三维空间填充，而垂直分层主要是受油棕。此外，结构的复杂性增加了树种多样性的农林地块。这种关系主要是由于表现良好的物种的存在，有助于更高水平的结构复杂性。然而，多个物种之间的相互作用独立的物种身份也被检测到。最后，增加情节大小有积极的影响，规模独立的结构复杂性的措施。我们的研究结果提供的证据表明，种植多个树种在大型农林地块是一个合适的策略，以迅速提高结构的复杂性，油棕种植园。
Conversion of structurally complex rainforests into simplified oil palm monocultures leads to dramatic losses of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. To alleviate negative ecological impacts, enrichment with native tree species may rapidly restore structural complexity in existing oil palm plantations. However, the mechanisms underlying the recovery of structural complexity in mixed-species tree plantings remain poorly understood. We measured structural complexity from terrestrial laser scanning in a biodiversity enrichment experiment with multiple tree species planted in an oil palm monoculture, forming agroforestry plots of varying tree species diversity and plot size. We find that three years after tree planting, structural complexity in oil palm increased by one third, representing 25% of the increase needed to restore the structural complexity of tropical forests. Changes in structural complexity were associated with denser and more complex filling of three-dimensional space, whereas vertical stratification was mainly influenced by oil palm. Furthermore, structural complexity increased with tree species diversity in the agroforestry plots. This relationship was mainly due the presence of well-performing species that contributed to higher levels of structural complexity. However, interactions among multiple species independently from the species identity were also detected. Finally, increasing plot size had a positive effect on a scale-independent measure of structural complexity. Our results provide evidence that planting multiple tree species in large agroforestry plots is a suitable strategy to rapidly enhance structural complexity in oil palm plantations.